Widespread Translocation of Pesticides by Air Transport and Rain-out

Cohen, Jesse M.; Pinkerton, Cecil

doi:10.1021/ba-1966-0060.ch013

Cited by 71 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In extreme cases soil particles containing adsorbed material can be transported over significant distances, e.g. Cohen & Pinkerton [18] found various pesticides in dust brought to Ohio by a massive dust storm originating in the Texas/Oklahoma/New Mexico region. Additionally, there is evidence that organic compounds, including pesticides, are preferentially deposited at higher latitudes according to the cold condensation hypothesis of Wania & Mackay [19] (Table 1).…”

Section: Entry Of Pesticides Into the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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Section: Entry Of Pesticides Into the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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“…The sorbed chemical may then be transported some distance with the particulate. This may explain the finding of pesticides where they have never been used (13,15,27,30). Since the vaporization of a chemical from a surface is related to its diffusion in the air, air currents can increase the rate of vaporization.…”

Section: Evaporation and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pesticides have received the most attention, since they are used on food crops and are applied to large areas of the environment (14)(15)(16)(17). The ubiquitous nature of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues was a major factor in demonstrating the important role of behavior of a chemical in the environment (10,12,14,15,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). However, pesticides are not unique chemicals which predispose them to become environmental contaminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemicals used as starting materials or intermediates in manufacture may end up as residues in air through vaporization (14,15,24,(28)(29)(30), in surface and underground water through contact and leaching (18,(31)(32)(33)(34), by sewage effluents (1,4), or in soil through adsorption (19,23,29,(35)(36)(37). All of these points of release are potential sources for widespread contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What happens after the chemical reaches the soil is of considerable importance in determining whether the substance will subsequently find its way into air or water, how long it will persist, and its bioavailability (14,15,22,27,31,36,49,50). The interaction between the chemical and the various soil constituents (sorption) is quite important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Chemodynamics: transport and behavior of chemicals in the environment--a problem in environmental health.

Freed¹,

Chiou²,

Haque³

1977

Environ Health Perspect

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In the manufacture and use of the several thousand chemicals employed by technological societies, portions of these chemicals escape or are intentionally introduced into the environment. The behavior, fate, and to some extent the effects produced by these chemicals are a result of a complex interaction of the properties of the chemical with the various processes governing transport, degradation, sequestration, and uptake by organisms. In addition, such processes as adsorption, evaporation, partitioning, and degradation are influenced by ambient conditions of temperature, air movement, moisture, presence of other chemicals, and the concentration and properties of the subject chemicals. These influence the level and extent of exposure to these chemicals that man might receive. Study of the physicochemical properties of compounds in relation to these various processes has provided a basis for better understanding of the quantitative behavior. Such information is useful in development of predictive models on behavior and fate of the chemicals in relation to human exposure. Beyond this, it provides information that could be used to devise procedures of manufacture, use, and disposal that would minimize environmental contamination. Some of the physical principles involved in chemodynamics are presented in this review.

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Toxic contaminants in rainfall in Canada: 1984

Strachan

1988

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Replicate rain samples for most of the 1984 wetfall season were collected from four widely separated sites in Canada, and concentrations and loadings of a number of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides were determined for each location. Comparisons were made among the sites and with results from other years. The major contaminants in 1984 were, in order of concentration, α‐hexachlorocyclohexane (α‐HCH or α‐BHC), lindane and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Found at lower levels were dieldrin, methoxychlor (in the Lake Superior area), DDT residues, endrin (especially at Kouchibouguac), heptachlor epoxide and hexachlorobenzene. The loading of the α‐HCH/lindane pair was higher at the Atlantic coastal site than at the other locations, possibly because of the greater precipitation there. No geographic trend for PCBs was apparent. For the other substances, no significant pattern to the differences between sites can be discerned. The qualitative similarities of concentrations and loadings at the widely separated locations, however, suggest long‐range atmospheric transport. A comparison between results from two Lake Superior sites indicated no shoreline effect on the concentrations of over‐lake versus shoreline samples. The differences observed were in accord with those observed in 1983 and were attributed to lack of replenishment from the lake surface.

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Widespread Translocation of Pesticides by Air Transport and Rain-out

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Chemodynamics: transport and behavior of chemicals in the environment--a problem in environmental health.

Toxic contaminants in rainfall in Canada: 1984

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