Wild-bird feces as a source of Campylobacter jejuni infection in children's playgrounds in Iran

Abdollahpour, Nooshin; Zendehbad, Bamdad; Alipour, Adeleh; Khayatzadeh, Jina

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.007

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Direct contact with faeces may be the greatest source of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans (Strachan et al ., ; Cody et al ., ). Direct faecal contact often occurs when children in playgrounds, parks, or beaches touch bird faeces and then place their hands in their mouths (Strachan et al ., ; Abdollahpour et al ., ; Cody et al ., ). Handling and consuming undercooked game meat is another direct source of enteric pathogens (Navarro‐Gonzalez et al ., ).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework For Understanding Spillover Of Enteric mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Perhaps more commonly, people may contact surfaces contaminated with faeces from wild birds in locations where birds aggregate (e.g. parks, playgrounds, and beaches) (Strachan et al ., ; Abdollahpour et al ., ; Cody et al ., ). Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) can reach high densities at urban parks or beaches where people, particularly young children, may contact faeces either directly with hands or indirectly with clothing or toys (Feare et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

2020

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Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta-analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta-analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black-billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under-studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under-studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environme...

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Section: Conceptual Framework For Understanding Spillover Of Enteric mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

2020

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“…Thus, reduction of the prevalence of positive flocks should contribute substantially to the reduction of this disease in people (Newell & Fearnley, 2003). The use of antimicrobial agents to promote growth and control diseases in food animals has resulted in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter (Abdollahpour, Zendehbad, Alipour, & Khayatzadeh, 2015;Chen et al, 2010). The patterns of the use of antimicrobial agents in one part of the world affect people's health in other parts of the world as a result of international travel and trade (World Health Organization, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, seasonality and antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. isolates of retail broiler meat in Iran

2015

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“…Although direct plating of fecal materials on Campylobacter selective agar plates has been successfully employed in detecting the organism in human and birds/animal fecal samples, it might guarantee a high recovery rates of campylobacters particularly from avian and animal origin or might result in failure to detect the organism in feces [67,68], therefore, incubating fecal samples in selective enrichment broth prior to selective plating potentially increase the detection of campylobacters [5]. Indeed, the incubation of avian/animal fecal samples in enrichment broth prior to selective plating was successfully employed in detecting Campylobacter species [10,16,[69][70][71].…”

Section: Detection In Fecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Campylobacter in the environment: A major threat to public health

Abulreesh¹,

Organji²,

Elbanna³

et al. 2017

APJTD

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Wild-bird feces as a source of Campylobacter jejuni infection in children's playgrounds in Iran

Cited by 27 publications

References 40 publications

Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

Prevalence, seasonality and antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. isolates of retail broiler meat in Iran

Campylobacter in the environment: A major threat to public health

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