Wildlife Farms, Stigma and Harm

Rizzolo, Jessica Bell

doi:10.3390/ani10101783

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, actual consumption and consumer behavior is influenced by product availability, cost, and legality, and are more complex than stated consumer preferences (Hinsley & 't Sas-Rolfes, 2020;Rizzolo, 2020). Monitoring the trade in parts sourced from captive-bred tigers will improve our understanding of availability and provide insights into the implementation of CITES regulations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012)

Khanwilkar

Sosnowski

Guynup

2022

Conservat Sci and Prac

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Poaching and illegal trade are primary threats to tigers (Panthera tigris). Trade in tiger parts has been well documented in Asia. However, little is known about tiger parts entering the United States (US). We analyzed seizures of tiger parts trafficked through US ports of entry from 2003 to 2012 along with shipments that had been issued legal Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species import permits. We found 292 seizure incidents and 283 permitted imports over that 10-year period. The amount of tiger parts trafficked into the US illegally was larger than what has been previously reported. Most tiger parts entered the US legally and illegally for personal purposes; 81.8% of seized items were medicinal products. San Francisco, Dallas, and Atlanta were entry hotspots for illegal tiger imports which mainly entered the United States from China and Vietnam. Of the 65.8% of seized parts with a known origin, 99.5% originated from wild tigers. Since country of origin and source of many legally and illegally traded tiger parts was unknown, we recommend the use of forensic DNA analysis to address these knowledge gaps to focus conservation and enforcement efforts. Research should continue in the United States to adequately capture the global supply, demand, and trade of tiger parts.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012)

Khanwilkar

Sosnowski

Guynup

2022

Conservat Sci and Prac

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“…Although stricter regulations of the snake trade could mitigate negative impacts on wild populations (Marshall et al, 2020), focusing on ethical, closed-cycle snake farming could also be effective (Aust et al, 2017). Properly managed snake farms could not only satisfy market demands, but are also potentially more ecologically sustainable than other meat industries (Aust et al, 2017; Rizzolo, 2020). However, although snake farming is relatively affordable and feasible (Aust et al, 2017), licensing and legally sourcing snakes to initiate farming can complicate the process (Jiang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation and cultural intersections within Hong Kong's snake soup industry

Yuan

Yeung

Prigge

et al. 2022

Oryx

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Snake soup continues to be an iconic tradition in Cantonese culture. Yet little is known about the relationship between snake soup consumption in Hong Kong, wild snake populations, and the communities depending on this tradition for their livelihoods. We applied an interdisciplinary approach including interviews with shopkeepers and genetic analyses of snake meat samples to determine the species consumed in Hong Kong, their source locations, and shopkeepers’ views on the future of the industry. We genetically identified the common rat snake Ptyas mucosa, widely distributed throughout East and Southeast Asia, and the Javan spitting cobra Naja sputatrix, endemic to Indonesia, as the species most commonly consumed, which was consistent with interview responses. According to interviews, snakes had mostly been imported from mainland China in the past, but now tend to be sourced from Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. Interviews also revealed a pessimistic outlook on the continuation of this tradition because of various factors, including a lasting yet misinformed association of snakes with the 2002–2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Given the COVID-19 pandemic and China's ensuing ban on the consumption of terrestrial wildlife, Hong Kong's snake soup industry will probably continue to rely on Southeast Asian sources to persist. Given the cultural and conservation issues surrounding this tradition, further research on the economic, ecological and social consequences of snake consumption is needed to examine the broader implications of snake soup and similar industries in the region.

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“…This type of livestock production typically involves free-ranging herbivores foraging on native unimproved (uncleared) vegetation over large geographical areas with minimal human husbandry [ 36 ]. As well as domesticated livestock species, large wild ungulates may be raised in an identical way, referred to as “wildlife ranching” and commonly practiced in southern Africa [ 251 ]. Type 1 harms are relatively few as livestock raised in this way are managed effectively as free-ranging animals.…”

Section: Summaries Of Food Production Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices

Hampton

Hyndman

Allen

et al. 2021

Animals

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Ethical food choices have become an important societal theme in post-industrial countries. Many consumers are particularly interested in the animal welfare implications of the various foods they may choose to consume. However, concepts in animal welfare are rapidly evolving towards consideration of all animals (including wildlife) in contemporary approaches such as “One Welfare”. This approach requires recognition that negative impacts (harms) may be intentional and obvious (e.g., slaughter of livestock) but also include the under-appreciated indirect or unintentional harms that often impact wildlife (e.g., land clearing). This is especially true in the Anthropocene, where impacts on non-human life are almost ubiquitous across all human activities. We applied the “harms” model of animal welfare assessment to several common food production systems and provide a framework for assessing the breadth (not intensity) of harms imposed. We considered all harms caused to wild as well as domestic animals, both direct effects and indirect effects. We described 21 forms of harm and considered how they applied to 16 forms of food production. Our analysis suggests that all food production systems harm animals to some degree and that the majority of these harms affect wildlife, not livestock. We conclude that the food production systems likely to impose the greatest overall breadth of harms to animals are intensive animal agriculture industries (e.g., dairy) that rely on a secondary food production system (e.g., cropping), while harvesting of locally available wild plants, mushrooms or seaweed is likely to impose the least harms. We present this conceptual analysis as a resource for those who want to begin considering the complex animal welfare trade-offs involved in their food choices.

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Wildlife Farms, Stigma and Harm

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012)

Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012)

Conservation and cultural intersections within Hong Kong's snake soup industry

Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices

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