Wildlife monitoring, modeling, and fugacity. Indicators of chemical contamination

Clark, Tom; Clark, Kathryn; Paterson, Sally; Mackay, Donald; Norstrom, Ross J.

doi:10.1021/es00167a001

Cited by 89 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…If any of these conditions do not apply (e.g., the chemical is metabolized), then a chemical equilibrium cannot be reached, and the fugacity of the chemical in the organism /b will be less than that in the water /w-If the bioconcentration theory is applied to describe the distribution of a persistent, nonmetabolizable chemical (e.g., PCBs) in a food web, then chemical fugacities in all organisms of the food web are similar and equal or less than the chemical fugacity in the water. However, a fugacity-based analysis of the actual distribution of PCBs and some other high Kow organochlorines (log Kqw > 5.5) in aquatic food chains shows that chemical fugacities in organisms are exceeding those in the water (/b > /w) and increase with the trophic status of the organism (3,4). This increase in chemical fugacity within the food chain cannot be explained by bioconcentration and is believed to be due to biomagnification.…”

Section: Theoretical Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, this phenomenon is explained by the loss of biomass in the food chain due to respiration and excretion as biomass is transferred from one link in the food chain to another (2). However, recently, thermodynamic studies of PCBs and other organochlorines in aquatic food chains have shown that fugacities of very persistent, hydrophobic organic chemicals in organisms increase with every step in the food chain and that the fugacity in organisms of higher trophic levels exceed that in the water in which the organisms reside (3,4). Fugacity is equivalent to chemical activity or chemical potential, and a difference in fugacity provides a driving force for net passive chemical transport from high to low fugacity (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gastrointestinal magnification: the mechanism of biomagnification and food chain accumulation of organic chemicals

Gobas¹,

Zhang²,

Wells³

1993

Environ. Sci. Technol.

206

172

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Dietary bioaccumulation experiments with chlorobenzenes, PCBs, and mirex in guppies and goldfish are presented. The results demonstrate that, in the gastrointestinal tract of fish, the fugacity of very hydrophobic, nonmetabolizable chemicals (log Kow > 6) is elevated above the fugacity in the consumed food as a result of food digestion and absorption. Observed fugacities in fecal matter were up to 4.6-fold greater than the fugacity in the administered food. Fecal to food fugacity ratio ranged between 0.07 and 4.6 in guppies and between 0.014 and 4.5 in goldfish and increased with increasing Kow-Food digestion in the gastrointestinal tract was found to increase the chemical fugacity in the food 5-fold by altering the fugacity capacity of the food. An additional 2-3-fold increase in the chemical concentration and fugacity in the gastrointestinal tract is due to food absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The findings support the "digestion" hypothesis as being the driving force of the biomagnification and food chain accumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals. The study further illustrates the application of static head-space analysis to measure chemical fugacities in food and fecal samples.

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Section: Theoretical Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal magnification: the mechanism of biomagnification and food chain accumulation of organic chemicals

Gobas¹,

Zhang²,

Wells³

1993

Environ. Sci. Technol.

206

172

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Fugacity, the equivalent partial pressure of a chemical in the gas phase, 10 has been proposed as a metric for comparing levels of contamination in different media, as described by Clark et al 11 and further elaborated by Mayer et al 12 Recently, fugacity ratios have been used as part of an integrative approach to study and understand bioaccumulation. 4 A similar concept was proposed by Webster et al 13 in their equilibrium lipid partitioning (ELP) approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicone passive equilibrium samplers as ‘chemometers’ in eels and sediments of a Swedish lake

Jahnke

Mayer

McLachlan

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Passive equilibrium samplers deployed in two or more media of a system and allowed to come to equilibrium can be viewed as 'chemometers' that reflect the difference in chemical activities of contaminants between the media. We applied silicone-based equilibrium samplers to measure relative chemical activities of seven 'indicator' polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene in eels and sediments from a Swedish lake. Chemical concentrations in eels and sediments were also measured using exhaustive extraction methods. Lipid-normalized concentrations in eels were higher than organic carbon-normalized concentrations in sediments, with biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of five PCBs ranging from 2.7 to 12.7. In contrast, chemical activities of the same pollutants inferred by passive sampling were 3.5 to 31.3 times lower in eels than in sediments. The apparent contradiction between BSAFs and activity ratios is consistent with the sorptive capacity of lipids exceeding that of sediment organic carbon from this ecosystem by up to 50-fold. Factors that may contribute to the elevated activity in sediments are discussed, including slower response of sediments than water to reduced emissions, sediment diagenesis and sorption to phytoplankton. The 'chemometer' approach has the potential to become a powerful tool to study the thermodynamic controls on persistent organic chemicals in the environment and should be extended to other environmental compartments.

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“…One way that animals fill this role is by prosthetically replacing cognitive capabilities, often by acting as sentinels used to detect risks to human team members. For instance, as late as the 1980's, canaries were still used as early warning detectors to provide British coal miners with a means to recognize the presence of poisonous gases within a mine, as the avian respiratory system is a more sensitive indicator of air quality and toxicity (BBC News, 1986;T. Clark, K. Clark, Paterson, Mackay, & Norstrom, 1988).…”

Section: Human-animal Teams: Cognitive Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human-Animal Teams as an Analog for Future Human-Robot Teams: Influencing Design and Fostering Trust

Phillips

Schaefer

Billings³

et al. 2015

Journal of Human-Robot Interaction

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Our work posits that existing human-animal teams can serve as an analog for developing effective human-robot teams. Existing knowledge of human-animal partnerships can be readily applied to the HRI domain to foster accurate mental models and appropriately calibrated trust in future human-robot teams. Human-animal relationships are examined in terms of the benefiting roles animals can play in enabling effective teaming, as well as the level of team interdependency and team communication, with the goal of developing applications in future human-robot teams.

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Wildlife monitoring, modeling, and fugacity. Indicators of chemical contamination

Cited by 89 publications

References 9 publications

Gastrointestinal magnification: the mechanism of biomagnification and food chain accumulation of organic chemicals

Gastrointestinal magnification: the mechanism of biomagnification and food chain accumulation of organic chemicals

Silicone passive equilibrium samplers as ‘chemometers’ in eels and sediments of a Swedish lake

Human-Animal Teams as an Analog for Future Human-Robot Teams: Influencing Design and Fostering Trust

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