Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX)

Bannon, Desmond I.; Williams, Lawrence R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800020-5.00004-1

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The impact of legacy energetic materials such as RDX on the environment has been well studied, and is supported by historic and ongoing environmental impacts such as RDX contamination in groundwater at manufacturing sites and training ranges (Clausen et al 2004;Bannon and Williams 2015). The effects of NTO and DNAN are less well established, as is the effect of mixtures of RDX, NTO and though initial work suggests that once dissolved in the environment mixtures of IHE behave independently Temple et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

Galante

Mai

Ladyman

et al. 2020

Journal of Energetic Materials

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Energetic materials are often disposed by open-burning or open-detonation as it is a cost-effective and efficient means of destroying explosive material, and often minimises the need to transport hazardous explosives to treatment facilities. This practice is often scrutinised for the negative environmental impact of the odorous and unsightly toxic gaseous emissions as well as the resulting deposition residues, which often contain unburned energetic materials. With the increasing use of Insensitive High Explosive compositions in munitions, it is essential that the potential environmental impact of their disposal is assessed before their extensive use to prevent the kind of contamination incidents experienced with legacy explosives.Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a controlled laboratory experiment to identify the gaseous emissions and the energetic material residues that are generated through the combustion of the IHE components 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 1,3,5-

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

Galante

Mai

Ladyman

et al. 2020

Journal of Energetic Materials

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“…This argument is valid for any explosive [58]. The damage that RDX and its derivatives [59][60][61] and HMX [62,63] cause to human health is vast and ranges from seizures and epilepsy to the emergence of tumors.…”

Section: Theoretical Foundationmentioning

confidence: 94%

A Review about the Mycoremediation of Soil Impacted by War-like Activities: Challenges and Gaps

Geris,

Malta,

Soares

et al. 2024

JoF

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(1) Background: The frequency and intensity of war-like activities (war, military training, and shooting ranges) worldwide cause soil pollution by metals, metalloids, explosives, radionuclides, and herbicides. Despite this environmentally worrying scenario, soil decontamination in former war zones almost always involves incineration. Nevertheless, this practice is expensive, and its efficiency is suitable only for organic pollutants. Therefore, treating soils polluted by wars requires efficient and economically viable alternatives. In this sense, this manuscript reviews the status and knowledge gaps of mycoremediation. (2) Methods: The literature review consisted of searches on ScienceDirect and Web of Science for articles (1980 to 2023) on the mycoremediation of soils containing pollutants derived from war-like activities. (3) Results: This review highlighted that mycoremediation has many successful applications for removing all pollutants of war-like activities. However, the mycoremediation of soils in former war zones and those impacted by military training and shooting ranges is still very incipient, with most applications emphasizing explosives. (4) Conclusion: The mycoremediation of soils from conflict zones is an entirely open field of research, and the main challenge is to optimize experimental conditions on a field scale.

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“…Innovative approaches that maintain cost-effectiveness of large-scale treatments are vital to ensure safety for human health and the environment. Both legacy MCs such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and IHEs like 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) pose threats to human health and ecosystems when present in the environment ( Warner et al, 2012 ; Dodard et al, 2013 ; Bannon and Williams, 2015 ; Johnson and Reddy, 2015 ; Olivares et al, 2016 ; Madeira et al, 2018 ). Various chemical, physical, and biological approaches for treatment of wastewater loaded with explosive compounds have been investigated in the past decades, yet it has been identified that the next generation IHEs provide new challenges that require innovative solutions beyond conventional treatment methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalysis of Electrogenerated H2O2 for Dissolved RDX Removal

et al. 2022

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New insensitive high explosives pose great challenges to conventional explosives manufacturing wastewater treatment processes and require advanced methods to effectively and efficiently mineralize these recalcitrant pollutants. Oxidation processes that utilize the fundamental techniques of Fenton chemistry optimized to overcome conventional limitations are vital to provide efficient degradation of these pollutants while maintaining cost-effectiveness and scalability. In this manner, utilizing heterogeneous catalysts and in-situ generated H2O2 to degrade IHEs is proposed. For heterogeneous catalyst optimization, varying the surface chemistry of activated carbon for use as a catalyst removes precipitation complications associated with iron species in Fenton chemistry while including removal by adsorption. Activated carbon impregnated with 5% MnO2 in the presence of H2O2 realized a high concentration of hydroxyl radical formation - 140 μM with 10 mM H2O2 - while maintaining low cost and relative ease of synthesis. This AC-Mn5 catalyst performed effectively over a wide pH range and in the presence of varying H2O2 concentrations with a sufficient effective lifetime. In-situ generation of H2O2 removes the logistical and economic constraints associated with external H2O2, with hydrophobic carbon electrodes utilizing generated gaseous O2 for 2-electron oxygen reduction reactions. In a novel flow-through reactor, gaseous O2 is generated on a titanium/mixed metal oxide anode with subsequent H2O2 electrogeneration on a hydrophobic microporous-layered carbon cloth cathode. This reactor is able to electrogenerate 2 mM H2O2 at an optimized current intensity of 150 mA and over a wide range of flow rates, influent pH values, and through multiple iterations. Coupling these two optimization methods realizes the production of highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals by Fenton-like catalysis of electrogenerated H2O2 on the surface of an MnO2-impregnated activated carbon catalyst. This method incorporates electrochemically induced oxidation of munitions in addition to removal by adsorption while maintaining cost-effectiveness and scalability. It is anticipated this platform holds great promise to eliminate analogous contaminants.

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Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX)

Cited by 5 publications

References 59 publications

Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

A Review about the Mycoremediation of Soil Impacted by War-like Activities: Challenges and Gaps

Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalysis of Electrogenerated H2O2 for Dissolved RDX Removal

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