Wind damage to envelopes of houses and consequent insurance losses

Sparks, P.R.; Schiff, Scott; Reinhold, Timothy A.

doi:10.1016/0167-6105(94)90023-x

Cited by 143 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Most models were acquired empirically by fitting simple functions to damage data (e.g. Sparks et al, 1994;Dorland et al, 1999;Munich Re, 2001). The functions have the disadvantage that extrapolation to higher wind speeds is not satisfactory, as they are not based on physical processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter storm risk of residential structures – model development and application to the German state of Baden-Württemberg

Heneka

Hofherr

Ruck

et al. 2006

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The derivation of probabilities of high wind speeds and the establishment of risk curves for storm damage is of prime importance in natural hazard risk analysis. Risk curves allow the assessment of damage being exceeded at a given level of probability.In this paper, a method for the assessment of winter storm damage risk is described in detail and applied to the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Based on meteorological observations of the years 1971-2000 and on damage information of 4 severe storm events, storm hazard and damage risk of residential buildings is calculated on the level of communities. For this purpose, highly resolved simulations of storm wind fields with the Karlsruher Atmospheric Mesoscale Model (KAMM) are performed and a storm damage model is developed.Risk curves including the quantification of the uncertainties are calculated for every community. Local differences of hazard and risk are presented in state-wide maps. An average annual winter storm damage to residential buildings of minimum 15 million Euro (reference year 2000) for BadenWürttemberg is expected.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter storm risk of residential structures – model development and application to the German state of Baden-Württemberg

Heneka

Hofherr

Ruck

et al. 2006

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…These tend to be due to failures of the building envelope and connections, e.g., cladding failures caused by either net pressure loads or wind-borne debris impacts, failures of nailed connections, etc. Entry of rain water through the resulting openings is a significant source of damage (e.g., Sparks et al, 1994;Gurley and Masters, 2011). This contrasts significantly with earthquakes where a substantial portion of the losses is due to failures of major structure members.…”

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confidence: 66%

A Multichamber, Pressure-Based Test Method to Determine Wind Loads on Air-Permeable, Multilayer Cladding Systems

Miller

Kopp

Morrison

et al. 2017

Front. Built Environ.

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Current standardized testing on air-permeable multilayer cladding is inaccurate since one of the primary parameters for setting the peak net wind loads across the cladding is the external pressure gradient, which is removed from all standardized testing. After implementing a latex-barrier system and examining the control strategy for the pressure loading actuators, a multichamber airbox system for testing air-permeable multilayer cladding is developed and compared to a benchmark study performed by the Insurance Research Lab for Better Homes. The results indicate that using multichamber, pressure-based testing to obtain wind loads for air-permeable, multilayer wall systems with flexible cladding is sufficiently accurate. This method also shows that eliminating temporal variations from the external pressures for easier standardized testing would provide fairly accurate results.Keywords: wind loads, full-scale test methods, air-permeable cladding, pressure equalization, pressure loading actuators inTrODUcTiOn Background Severe wind storms around the world continue to cause significant economic losses. While there have been significant advances and successes with building codes, design standards, and construction methods, which have reduced major structural failures (e.g., Gurley and Masters, 2011), losses caused by extreme wind storms continue to grow. These tend to be due to failures of the building envelope and connections, e.g., cladding failures caused by either net pressure loads or wind-borne debris impacts, failures of nailed connections, etc. Entry of rain water through the resulting openings is a significant source of damage (e.g., Sparks et al., 1994;Gurley and Masters, 2011). This contrasts significantly with earthquakes where a substantial portion of the losses is due to failures of major structure members. Where structural members fail in wind storms, they are often due to failure of an envelope component first, such as a window or door that allows internal pressurization. Thus, mitigation of economic losses in wind storms is strongly dependent on enhanced performance of cladding systems and their connections.The performance of cladding and connections is usually evaluated by component tests, normally in compliance with standardized tests. Examples of standardized tests that are used to evaluate product performance under wind loads include ASTM D5206 (2013) ASTM E1592 (2012) for metal roofing, and ASTM E1300 (2012) for glazing and glass. Most of these standardized tests make use of a sealed airbox system, 1 where the pressure required to fail the particular product is obtained. Many of these standardized tests use uniform, static pressures or slowly increasing pressures, such as those listed above. For components that have low-cycle fatigue as a failure mechanism, sinusoidally varying pressures at various frequencies and amplitudes are applied (Henderson et al., 2013a). In all cases, the pressures applied by these standard tests are uniform over the component. This, of course, provides applied loads t...

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“…References [4,19,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] are illustrative of the type of information available to complete the required parameters for specific building classes such as tilt-up walls, confined masonry, unreinforced masonry, warehouses, adobe and mud walls.…”

Section: Vulnerability Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic and wind vulnerability assessment for the GAR-13 global risk assessment

Liu

Hurtado

Barbat

et al. 2014

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

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A general methodology to evaluate vulnerability functions suitable for a probabilistic global risk assessment is proposed. The methodology is partially based in the methodological approach of the Multihazard Loss Estimation Methodology (Hazus) developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The vulnerability assessment process considers the resolution, information and limitations established for both the hazard and exposure models adopted. Seismic and wind vulnerability functions are estimated for each one of the building classes defined in typical global exposure databases. They consider possible variations according to the design level in different regions of the world which accounts for variations of the expected quality of construction and the design code compliance level. In addition, a consistent, expert opinion based methodology is proposed in order to assign particular vulnerability functions to building classes according to the development level of each country, the city complexity and the hazard level of the region. The proposed set of vulnerability functions and the assignment procedure were used for the probabilistic global risk assessment made in the framework of the UNISDR's Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, GAR 2013. Recommendations for the refinement of the methodological approach are included for future global or scaled regional risk assessments.

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Wind damage to envelopes of houses and consequent insurance losses

Cited by 143 publications

References 1 publication

Winter storm risk of residential structures – model development and application to the German state of Baden-Württemberg

Winter storm risk of residential structures – model development and application to the German state of Baden-Württemberg

A Multichamber, Pressure-Based Test Method to Determine Wind Loads on Air-Permeable, Multilayer Cladding Systems

Seismic and wind vulnerability assessment for the GAR-13 global risk assessment

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