Wind power production from very large offshore wind farms

Pryor, Sara C.; Barthelmie, R.J.; Shepherd, Tristan J.

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.002

Cited by 63 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…A computationally efficient method has been developed to derive expected power production, wake extents and wake-induced power losses [1]. In brief it is as follows:…”

Section: Computational Approach and Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ultimate goal of research reported herein is to provide information relevant to development of the offshore wind energy lease areas along the U.S. east coast and to anticipate where additional offshore lease areas should and should not be located to maximize electricity production and minimize levelized cost of energy. Initial results from earlier simulations using only the Fitch wind farm parameterization project annual power production of 116 TWh/yr and mean capacity factors of a 50% can be achieved from these 15 U.S. east coast offshore wind energy lease areas by employing 15 MW wind turbines at the anticipated spacing of 1.85 km [1]. The research objectives of our current work are to: (i)…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deployment of wind turbines offshore along the U.S. east coast is critical to this transition. The U.S. east coast is an attractive location to jump-start the offshore wind energy industry due to the excellent wind resource, shallow water depths and proximity to large markets (Figure 1) [1]. Accordingly, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) offered a series of lease areas along the U.S. eastern seaboard that have been purchased and are currently in the process of permitting for development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wakes in and between very large offshore arrays

Pryor

Barthelmie

Shepherd

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Projected power output and wake extents are presented from new simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model v4.2.2 for the large offshore wind energy lease areas along the U.S. east coast. These simulations assume nearly 2000 IEA 15 MW reference turbines are deployed with a spacing equal to the mean of smaller European offshore wind farms (7.7 rotor diameters). Results show marked differences across two wind farm parameterizations. Generally, the modified Fitch parameterization (wherein TKE generation by the rotor has been decreased) generates lower power production estimates, and more spatially extensive and deeper wind farm wakes than are manifest in output from the Explicit Wake Parameterization (EWP). For example, under conditions of moderate freestream wind speeds (∼ 4-10 ms−1 at hub-height) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE ∼ 0.2 to 1 m2s−2), cumulative power output (summed over all 15 lease areas) is substantially greater (∼ 25% higher) in output from EWP than Fitch. These differences have real implications for power production and thus both expected revenues and grid integration. The cumulative power production and mean normalized wake extent also exhibit sensitivity to the order in which the overlapping inner domains are computed and the number of inner domains. This effect is smaller than differences from two wind farm parameterizations. Analyses focusing on the seven adjoining lease areas south of Massachusetts indicate differences in the two schemes are magnified over the largest offshore wind clusters (with expected installed capacity of > 10 GW and spatial extent of 3675 km2).

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“…A computationally efficient method has been developed to derive expected power production, wake extents and wake-induced power losses [1]. In brief it is as follows:…”

Section: Computational Approach and Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Wakes in and between very large offshore arrays

Pryor

Barthelmie

Shepherd

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…Sixteen commercial wind energy lease sites are active along the U.S. east coast [2] and under differing states of development [3]. Recent research has indicated development of the 15 northernmost of these lease areas with 15 MW wind turbines having a 1.85 km (1 nautical mile) spacing in the north-south and west-east directions will yield nearly 3% of national electricity demand [4]. One of these lease areas (Vineyard Wind, proposed installation of 800 MW) south of Massachusetts, has recently been approved for development and represents a milestone in the development of U.S. offshore wind energy infrastructure [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wind speeds offshore tend to be higher than over adjacent land areas due to lower roughness, which reduces the frequency of calms and increases the persistence of higher, power producing, wind speeds [6,7]. Strongly stable conditions and low turbulence intensity are relatively frequent offshore [4], so under land-sea flow regimes, the internal boundary layer grows slowly and long offshore fetch is required before the wind fully equilibrates to the water surface. This, and the action of coastal waves, result in complex wind speed profiles and large, height-varying horizontal gradients in wind speeds [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Low-Level Jets over the Eastern U.S. Coastal Zone at Heights Relevant to Wind Energy

et al. 2022

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Two years of high-resolution simulations conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are used to characterize the frequency, intensity and height of low-level jets (LLJ) over the U.S. Atlantic coastal zone. Meteorological conditions and the occurrence and characteristics of LLJs are described for (i) the centroids of thirteen of the sixteen active offshore wind energy lease areas off the U.S. east coast and (ii) along two transects extending east from the U.S. coastline across the northern lease areas (LA). Flow close to the nominal hub-height of wind turbines is predominantly northwesterly and southwesterly and exhibits pronounced seasonality, with highest wind speeds in November, and lowest wind speeds in June. LLJs diagnosed using vertical profiles of modeled wind speeds from approximately 20 to 530 m above sea level exhibit highest frequency in LA south of Massachusetts, where LLJs are identified in up to 12% of hours in June. LLJs are considerably less frequent further south along the U.S. east coast and outside of the summer season. LLJs frequently occur at heights that intersect the wind turbine rotor plane, and at wind speeds within typical wind turbine operating ranges. LLJs are most frequent, intense and have lowest core heights under strong horizontal temperature gradients and lower planetary boundary layer heights.

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A Review on Wind Power Forecasting Regarding Impacts on the System Operation, Technical Challenges, and Applications

et al. 2022

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Wind energy generation is a fast developing efficient renewable source widely used for modern power generation. [1] Countries and energy companies have increased their interest in electricity generation from wind energy in the last decades, thanks to its natural, cost-free, and environmentally friendly features. [2] Wind power plants can generate electrical energy at any time of the day and are distributed energy sources for systems that need permanent energy. [3] Nonetheless, due to the disordered nature of the earth's atmosphere, there is a major uncertainty in the electrical power produced by the wind, which causes complexities in the utilization and management of wind energy sources. [4] The changes in weather conditions depending on time and location also create uncertainty in managing the supply-demand balance controlled by the grid operators. [5] In cases where the electrical energy produced by wind power plants is insufficient, auxiliary energy sources provide operational support to the electric grid. [6] Ensuring the supply-demand balance in the electricity grid is also an important condition for the electrical power quality and energy supply in the transmission system, and wind power plant operators care about the follow-up of wind power in terms of economy, operation, and planning. [7] For this, the presence of wind power forecasting (WPF) is an essential factor in the optimization of wind power plants. [8] For consumers to use electrical energy uninterruptedly, efficiently, and economically, wind power plant operators need to estimate the generated electrical energy smoothly. [9] The smooth estimation of electrical power generated by wind turbines increases the operational efficiency for system maintenance, planning, investment, and energy traders. [10,11] It is a precious procedure for electrical grids to provide a respectable commercial yield on the electrical energy market. [12] The capability of advanced WPF provides the contributions like balancing the power system and mitigation of penalties, scheduling the maintenance of wind power plants, investment regarding site location, and technoeconomic and socioeconomic benefits. [13,14] In this way, it is possible to reduce the energy cost and obtain high revenue in the energy market as a result of the contributions obtained for wind power generation systems. [15]

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Wind power production from very large offshore wind farms

Cited by 63 publications

References 48 publications

Wakes in and between very large offshore arrays

Wakes in and between very large offshore arrays

Occurrence of Low-Level Jets over the Eastern U.S. Coastal Zone at Heights Relevant to Wind Energy

A Review on Wind Power Forecasting Regarding Impacts on the System Operation, Technical Challenges, and Applications

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