Wind Turbine Blades: An End of Life Perspective

Beauson, Justine; Brøndsted, Povl

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39095-6_23

Cited by 39 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The reversible chemistry and other low TRL technologies have apparently limited applications to the wind turbines installed in the 2000s, and will be discussed in the next section. Detailed reviews of various recycling technologies are given in [ 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ].…”

Section: Recycling Of Wind Turbine Bladementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions

Mishnaevsky

2021

Materials

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Various scenarios of end-of-life management of wind turbine blades are reviewed. “Reactive” strategies, designed to deal with already available, ageing turbines, installed in the 2000s, are discussed, among them, maintenance and repair, reuse, refurbishment and recycling. The main results and challenges of “pro-active strategies”, designed to ensure recyclability of new generations of wind turbines, are discussed. Among the main directions, the wind turbine blades with thermoplastic and recyclable thermoset composite matrices, as well as wood, bamboo and natural fiber-based composites were reviewed. It is argued that repair and reuse of wind turbine blades, and extension of the blade life has currently a number of advantages over other approaches. While new recyclable materials have been tested in laboratories, or in some cases on small or medium blades, there are remaining technological challenges for their utilization in large wind turbine blades.

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Section: Recycling Of Wind Turbine Bladementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions

Mishnaevsky

2021

Materials

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“…Large sections of wind turbine blades can be reused for architectural or other structural purposes [155]. Examples of applications have been proposed by the SuperUse studio in the Netherlands.…”

Section: Eol Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this, 5 decommissioned rotor blades were used. Other examples are the city of Terneuzen, where rotor blades were also used for a playground and converted into seats on a public place, or Almere (also in the Netherlands) with two bus stops [14,155]. Further examples for repurposing are a pedestrian bridge using A29 wind blades as main girders (Re-Wind research project) or bike sheds [156].…”

Section: Eol Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composite Material Recycling Technology – State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s.

Krauklis¹,

Karl²,

Gagani³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Recently, significant events took place that added immensely to the sociotechnical pressure for developing sustainable composite recycling solutions, namely (1) a ban on composite landfilling in Germany in 2009, (2) the first major wave of composite wind turbines reaching their End-of-Life (EoL) and being decommissioned in 2019-2020, (3) the acceleration of aircraft decommissioning due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (4) the increase of composites in mass production cars, thanks to the development of high volume technologies based on thermoplastic composites. Such sociotechnical pressure will only grow in the upcoming decade of 2020s as other countries are to follow Germany by limiting and banning landfill options, and by the ever-growing number of expired composites EoL waste. The recycling of composite materials will therefore play an important role in the future, in particular for the wind energy, but also for aerospace, automotive, construction and marine sectors to reduce environmental impacts and to meet the demand. The scope of this manuscript is a clear and condensed yet full state-of-the-art overview of the available composite recycling technologies of both low and high Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). TRL is a framework that has been used in many variations across industries to provide a measurement of technology maturity from idea generation (basic principles) to commercialization. In other words, this work should be treated as a technology review providing guidelines for the sustainable development of the industry that will benefit the society. The authors propose that one of the key aspects for the development of sustainable recycling technology is to identify the optimal recycling methods for different types of composites. Why is that the case can be answered with a simple price comparison of E-glass fibers (~2 $/kg) versus a typical carbon fiber on the market (~20 $/kg) – which of the two is more valuable to recover? However, the answer is more complicated than that – the glass fiber constitutes about 90% of the modern reinforcement market, and it is clear that different technologies are needed. Therefore, this work aims to provide clear guidelines for economically and environmentally sustainable End-of-Life (EoL) solutions and development of the composite material recycling.

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“…Wind turbines are designed to operate for a life time of 20 years with normal maintenance and replacing of some parts [ 10 ]. In 2016 Beauson and Brøndsted have discussed the end-of-life prospective after the decision of decommissioning of the world first offshore windfarm constructed in Denmark, near Ravnsborg, after turning 25 years [ 19 ]. The difficulty is not only located in decommission but also the scenarios after that, which could be one of the following: refurbishment, incineration, or mechanical grinding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Orientation and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of a 20 Years Old Wind Turbine Blade GFR Composite

et al. 2021

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This work evaluates the mechanical properties of the glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) material taken from an out of service 100 KW power wind turbine blade which has been in service life of 20 years old. Investigated samples were taken from two positions of undamaged regions at 1.6 m and 5.4 m from the rotor hub, respectively. Microstructure investigation and lay-up analysis were carried out. Fiber weight fraction of the investigated samples was ranging between 0.55–0.60. Tensile and compression tests were carried out at the temperature range from −10 °C to +50 °C on specimens which were machined so as to be loaded in the blade length direction LD, transverse to the blade length TD and off axis; 45° to the blade length. Tensile elastic modulus of the investigated GFRP was determined in the three direction tested. The number of fiber fabric layers found to be decreasing along the blade length away from the root and the density of the fibers along the length is the highest (858 gm/mm2) and in the transverse direction is the lowest (83 gm/mm2). The microstructure of the GFRP composite showed good wetting for the fiber by the polymer with some features of lack of penetration at the high density fiber bundles and some production porosity in the matrix. The tensile Properties at room temperature (RT) and high temperature are almost similar with the highest properties for the samples aligned with the blade length. The compressive strength is highest at the transverse direction samples and lowest at the blade length direction and decreasing with the increase of the test temperature. The bending properties are significantly affected by the fiber orientation with the highest properties for samples aligned with the blade length and the lowest for the samples with the transverse direction.

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Wind Turbine Blades: An End of Life Perspective

Cited by 39 publications

References 15 publications

Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions

Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions

Composite Material Recycling Technology – State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s.

The Role of Orientation and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of a 20 Years Old Wind Turbine Blade GFR Composite

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