Wing wear and body size measurements of adult spruce budworms captured at light traps: inference on seasonal patterns related to reproduction

Rhainds, Marc

doi:10.1007/s13355-015-0355-6

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A potential complication, however, involves the observation first made by Wellington and Henson () that fully fecund female budworms are incapable of long‐distance flight. Subsequent research has uncovered strong evidence that female budworms overcome this by laying approximately 50% of their initial egg compliment before they disperse (Greenbank et al ., ; Rhainds & Kettela, ; Rhainds, ). However, before we can accurately describe the relationship between the exportation rate of eggs and population density, future research will need to determine whether the proportion of eggs laid before dispersal is affected by moth size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and genetic influences on the dispersal propensity of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)

Hezewijk

Wertman

Stewart

et al. 2017

Agri and Forest Entomology

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1 For many species, dispersal among populations has profound impacts on local dynamics and the spread of outbreaks. Understanding the environmental and genetic triggers of density-dependent dispersal is important for improving population models and developing reliable management strategies. 2 We hypothesized that moth dispersal in the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) is triggered by reductions in larval food availability and mediated by the expression of the for gene, which affects movement and dispersal activity in Drosophila and other species. Late-stage larvae were reared under different food-limitation treatments. Dispersal of adults was assessed using three measures of flight performance on flight mills: maximum velocity, 1-h flight distance and maximum sustained flight time. Accumulation of for transcripts was measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction on moths from each treatment. 3 Flight activity was positively related to moth size and, although food limitation caused reductions in moth size, it also had an independent and positive effect on maximum velocities, sustained flight times and flight distances. Food limitation had no effect on expression of the for gene. 4 We conclude that reductions in food availability will produce moths that are smaller but exhibit increased flight activity, potentially increasing the population of dispersing individuals. The physiological basis for this effect remains unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and genetic influences on the dispersal propensity of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)

Hezewijk

Wertman

Stewart

et al. 2017

Agri and Forest Entomology

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“…Density-dependent emigration pressures, in contrast, lead to exponential increments in number of migrants with increasing density-defoliation, most notably in 'hot spots' where migrants originate (Johns et al, 2019;Régnière et al, 2001;Sturtevant et al, 2013). Defoliation caused by budworms in the province of Québec is nearing historically high levels and has Due to distinct emergence time and dispersal behaviour of male and female spruce budworms (Greenbank et al, 1980;Rhainds, 2015), predictive functions of immigration are assumed best calibrated along gender lines (Table 2). In closed population of budworms with limited immigration input, males are typically active earlier than females (protandry: Smith, 1954;Greenbank et al, 1980;Bergh et al, 1988;Rhainds et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

I know it when I see it: Incidence, timing and intensity of immigration in spruce budworm

Rhainds

Lavigne

Boulanger

et al. 2021

Agri and Forest Entomology

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Incidence of immigration in spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was inferred with rules of thumb and numerical thresholds contrasting closed populations (residents >> migrants) versus populations subjected to major immigration event, based on attributes of daily time series of abundance at light traps (abundance, statistical mode, sex ratio and protandry level). The data set included time series with known migration event (Bas St‐Laurent, QC, 2013), which were used to calibrate numerical thresholds associated with immigration. The study site on west coast of Newfoundland provided a natural laboratory to infer long‐range immigration due to geographic isolation from the mainland, proximity to the coast and low population density at onset of the study. Time series between 2014 and 2016 exhibited trends consistent with scenario of closed population, including low numbers of budworms, limited variation in day‐to‐day abundance and strong level of protandry (males fly seasonally earlier than females). Time series with candidate major immigration event (Bas St‐Laurent 2013, Sally's Cove 2017, 2018) displayed specific combinations of parameters, including: (a) sharp increment (>one order of magnitude) in abundance of both males and females from one day to the next (statistical mode, approximately corresponding to timing of migration); (b) pure (100%) convergence of pulse detection interval (post‐immigration period when migrants with nonzero survival rate are collected at light traps) across traps for males and females and (c) overall absence of protandrous flight. Parameters related to immigration thresholds highlighted that females are more likely to migrate than males, as indicated by increased ratio of females per male during pulse detection interval. Aerial collection of adult spruce budworms with helikite in 2019 confirmed the preponderance of females among true migrants.

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“…Sex was determined based on antennal width: females have markedly narrower distal antennae than males. To test whether older moths accumulated more pollen species in their loads over their lifetimes, in 2017 wing wear was used as a proxy for moth age (Koscinski et al, 2011;Rhainds, 2015). We employed a 6-point integer scale, with 0 being pristine and 5 being completely tattered with more than half of the wing area missing from one or both wings.…”

Section: Moth Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the foraging behavior of a generalist hawkmoth

et al. 2021

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Within-species variation in pollinator behavior is widely observed, but its causes have been minimally investigated. Pollinator sex is associated with large differences in behavior that may lead to predictable differences in flower foraging, but this expectation has not been explicitly tested. We investigate sex-associated differences in nectar-foraging behavior of the hawkmoth Hyles lineata, using pollen on the proboscis as a proxy for flower visitation. We tested two predictions emerging from the literature:(1) the sexes differ in the flower species they visit, (2) females are more specialized in flower choice. We also examined potential drivers underlying these predictions by performing field and laboratory experiments to test whether males (3) switch among flower species more frequently, or (4) fly farther and therefore encounter more species than females. Consistent with prediction (1), pollen load composition differed between the sexes, indicative of visitation differences. Contrary to prediction (2), females consistently carried more species-rich pollen loads than males. (3) Both sexes switched between flower species at similar rates, suggesting that differences in floral fidelity are unlikely to explain why females are less specialized than males. (4) Males flew longer distances than females; coupled with larger between-site differences in pollen composition for females, this result suggests that sex differences in mobility influence foraging, and that females may forage more frequently and in smaller areas than males. Together, our results demonstrate that sex-associated foraging differences can be large and consistent over time, and highlight the importance of sex as a driver of variation in pollinator behavior.

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Wing wear and body size measurements of adult spruce budworms captured at light traps: inference on seasonal patterns related to reproduction

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Environmental and genetic influences on the dispersal propensity of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)

Environmental and genetic influences on the dispersal propensity of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)

I know it when I see it: Incidence, timing and intensity of immigration in spruce budworm

Sex differences in the foraging behavior of a generalist hawkmoth

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