Winners of the First 1960 Televised Presidential Debate Between Kennedy and Nixon

Kraus, Sidney

doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01507.x

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…On September 26, 1960, John Kennedy and Richard Nixon participated in the first televised US presidential debate. Undoubtedly, an important event in American political history, this momentous day is also thought to have been an inadvertent demonstration of the striking influence that appearances can hold for real-world outcomes: those who had watched the debate on television believed that Kennedy had won, whereas those who had listened to the debate on the radio hailed Nixon the winner (Krauss, 1996).…”

Section: Professional Successmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of perceiving social attributes

Alaei¹,

Rule²

2016

The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately

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A wealth of research shows that people can achieve accurate interpersonal judgments of others based on brief observations of their nonverbal cues. Here, we review evidence demonstrating that people can accurately judge others' kinship, sexual orientation, religious identity, political ideology, and professional success from subtle cues in their physical appearance and expressive behavior. Following this discussion, we detail some of the major factors that can influence the accuracy of these judgments. Finally, we end by reflecting on what this research has elucidated about basic processes in person perception and nonverbal behavior more generally. evolutionary fitness (Keller & Waller, 2002). Finally, accurate kin recognition can also advantage individuals to identify other people's kin to ascertain alliances (Cheney & Seyfarth, 2004). Given these benefits, one would expect kin recognition to be accurate and pervasive; indeed, this is so. In one early study, researchers found that people could accurately judge family relationships from short (2 minute or less) naturalistic videos of one to four people based on verbal and nonverbal cues-such as correctly judging that a woman conversing on the telephone was speaking with her mother (Costanzo & Archer, 1989). Brédart and French (1999) showed that kinship judgments could be made with even less information, reporting that people could accurately match children and parents from photos of their faces. Indeed, static facial cues can communicate kinship between grandparents and grandchildren (Kaminski, Dridi, Graff, & Gentaz, 2009), and between siblings (DeBruine et al., 2009; Maloney & Dal Martello, 2006). More intriguing, humans can also reliably judge the kinship of other (nonhuman) primates from photos of the offspring and parent faces (Alvergne, Huchard et al., 2009). People can detect kinship from olfactory cues as well. For example, Porter, Cernoch, and Balogh (1985) found that strangers could accurately match mothers and children from shirts worn while sleeping (controlling for personal hygiene products), but could not match spouses, suggesting that olfactory kinship cues arise from genetic Olfactory cues also predict kin recognition within families. Mothers, for instance, can correctly recognize their neonates from their odors even only 20 hours after delivery (Porter, Cernoch, & McLaughlin, 1983). Reciprocally, neonates prefer their own mothers' breast pad odors to those of other women (MacFarlane, 1975). Moreover, odors allow parents to distinguish between their individual children, and allow children and adults to distinguish their parents and siblings (Porter & Moore, 1981; Weisfeld et al., 2003). Extended family members (e.g., grandmothers and aunts) also accurately judge kinship from odors (Porter, Balogh, Cernoch, & Franchi, 1986). Research has therefore pervasively demonstrated that people can judge their own and strangers' kin through minimal information, reinforcing previous findings that this ability is shared across species (Lieberman, Tooby, & Cosmid...

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Section: Professional Successmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of perceiving social attributes

Alaei¹,

Rule²

2016

The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately

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show abstract

“…By contrast, Nixon appeared beady eyed and displayed a 5 o’clock shadow that appeared during the televised debates. Events such as these continue to prompt scholarly debate about the possible impact of televised images on the outcome of elections (e.g., Kraus, 1996; Vancil & Pendell, 1987).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Voter Impressions: The Use of Images on Presidential Candidate Web Sites During the 2000 Campaign

Verser¹,

Wicks²

2006

Journal of Communication

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Presidents Kennedy, Reagan, and Clinton mastered of art of using television to manage impressions in the television age. With the advent of the Internet, recent presidential campaigns have begun to recognize the potential of this medium in shaping images and managing impressions among voters. This study focuses on the 2000 presidential election and the images of the presidential candidates appearing on their official campaign Web sites. It also evaluates the visual strategies the candidates used and the overall themes of the images. Each candidate appeared to present campaign photographs in ways that may have been orchestrated to enhance their appeal and reverse negative media portrayals.

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“…2 Television coverage continues to focus attention on the expressive behavior of presidential candidates, highlighting particularly masterful performances as well as conspicuous moments where norms of interaction and expected codes of conduct are violated. 3,4 The impact that the 1960 debates had on viewers, especially the perceived differences between those who viewed the debates on television and those who listened by radio, has inspired a voluminous literature about the political effects of television 5,6 and the rhetorical strategies candidates employ in their mediated communications. 7,8 Absent from most studies of the debates, or content analyses of political news generally, however, are detailed assessments of the candidates' nonverbal behavior, which has been shown experimentally to have considerable persuasive influence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Happy warriors” Revisited: Hedonic and agonic display repertoires of presidential candidates on the evening news

Bucy¹,

Grabe²

2008

Politics and the Life Sciences

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Absent from most analyses of political news are detailed assessments of the candidates' nonverbal behavior, which has been shown experimentally to have considerable persuasive influence. Unlike attractiveness and other relatively stable aspects of appearance, facial displays are highly variable and reveal important moment-to-moment information about the emitter's internal state. In this paper we argue that facial displays are influential elements within political news and examine the character of televised candidate displays over four presidential election cycles. The analysis considers coverage of major party nominees shown during the general elections of 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2004 on the major broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC). To motivate our hypotheses, we draw on the biopolitics literature that has identified three classes of displays relevant to the study of nonverbal political behavior: happiness/reassurance, anger/threat, and fear/ evasion. The analysis focuses on the relationship between the display types shown in election coverage, the context in which the displays are shown, and candidate standings in the polls.

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Winners of the First 1960 Televised Presidential Debate Between Kennedy and Nixon

Cited by 27 publications

References 2 publications

Accuracy of perceiving social attributes

Accuracy of perceiving social attributes

Managing Voter Impressions: The Use of Images on Presidential Candidate Web Sites During the 2000 Campaign

“Happy warriors” Revisited: Hedonic and agonic display repertoires of presidential candidates on the evening news

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