Winter annual forage mass–nutritive value trade‐offs are affected by harvest timing

Billman, Eric D.; Souza, Igor Alexandre de; Smith, Richard G.; Soder, K.J.; Warren, Nicholas; Teixeira, Fábio Andrade; Brito, A.F.

doi:10.1002/cft2.20113

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is probably because winter wheat in June is well past its vegetative growth and close to grain harvest. Forage nutritive value declines dramatically due to the lignification of the stem to support the seedhead and the conversion of nutrients from leaves to produce seed (Billman et al., 2021; Cherney & Marten, 1982). In contrast, the June harvest was done when the native warm‐season grasses were still in active vegetative growth states, mostly leaf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The superior forage nutritive values of AWW and PW were further demonstrated by their greater concentrations of NFC, fat, and TDN (Table 4). The high concentration of these forage nutritive value parameters in AWW and PW is due to seed‐filling because the accumulation of starch in the premature kernels increases with the progression of the reproductive growth stages (Billman et al., 2021). Nonetheless, our finding suggests that delaying the forage harvest to increase DM yield would occur at the expense of the forage nutritive value, especially for AWW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil carbon and nitrogen responses to forage cropping systems following irrigation retirement

Paye,

Lauriault,

Acharya

et al. 2024

Agronomy Journal

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Limited annual precipitation and increasing scarcity of irrigation water are forcing farmers in arid and semi‐arid regions to convert irrigated fields into dryland farming, yet their impacts on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions are not fully understood. This study evaluated changes in soil C and N fractions and forage production under four cropping systems after irrigation retirement in a semi‐arid condition. Treatments included an annual winter wheat forage (Triticum aestivum L.) (AWW), a perennial wheat forage (Triticum aestivum L. × Thinopyrum spp.) (PW), a mixture of native grasses (NG), and a pasture crop (PC = AWW and NG mixture). Evaluation of various soil C and N fractions, forage dry matter yield, and nutritive value parameters suggested that soil inorganic N and potentially mineralizable N (PMN) were 38‐45% and 36‐44% greater in autumn 2020 and 62‐68% and 46‐55% greater in spring 2021 under AWW and PW, respectively, than NG and PC. Soil potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC) was 58‐129% and 64‐138% greater under NG and PW than AWW and PC. Response of other soil C and N fractions varied with soil sampling dates but not with crops or crop × sampling date interaction. Total forage dry matter yield was 4,016, 7,849, 12,517, and 13,869 kg ha−1 for AWW, PW, PC, and NG, respectively, and PW had the best forage nutritive value. These results suggest soil C and N mineralization could be enhanced by adopting perennial systems, including NG, PW, and PC, while PW maintains good quality forage production.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil carbon and nitrogen responses to forage cropping systems following irrigation retirement

Paye,

Lauriault,

Acharya

et al. 2024

Agronomy Journal

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“…Many of the gramineous plants, including forage grasses and cereals, undergo vertical growth after panicle formation and reach their maximum height during the flowering stage [31][32][33]. Therefore, foliage mass will increase during the flowering stage [34,35]. In the case of timothy, a major temperate forage grass in the Hokkaido area, the dry matter weight of the aboveground body increases by as much as 1.5 times from the booting stage to the full-heading or flowering stage [36][37][38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common forage grasses tend to decline in nutritional value and rumen digestibility as the panicles emerge from the sheath. This is because nutrient components, such as soluble carbohydrates and proteins, are transferred to the reproductive organs, which become stiff and indigestible [34,38,41]. Festulolium, a temperate perennial forage, exhibited a decrease in the quantity of organic cell content or cellulase digestible fiber in the foliage after panicle emergence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Defoliation Time on Rye Yield and Its Quality under Dual-Purpose Cultivation for Roughage and Concentrate Production

Akimoto,

Okamoto,

Yoshihira

2023

Agronomy

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A dual-purpose cultivation system allows cereals to produce both roughage and concentrate during one growing season. To establish a cultivation system for rye, the appropriate time for foliage mowing was determined to ensure a yield of nutrient-rich roughage from the first crop and abundant grain from the second crop. This is because the stage of growth at defoliation affects the yield and quality of both crops. The experimental rye line ‘4R-504’ was grown in two successive cropping seasons; 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. Foliage was mowed at three different growth stages: the booting stage (BT), the early-heading stage (EH), and the fully heading stage (FH). Along with the growth stage, the plants grew taller, and the highest dry matter yield in the first crop was observed in FH (757 g m−2), which was 1.5 times higher than that in BT (480 g m−2). Although the nutritional value was higher in plants harvested at an earlier growth stage, the EH and FH plants showed a higher dry matter yield, resulting in a higher production of metabolizable energy per area. Plants that had been mowed earlier regrew vigorously and produced an abundant amount of grains in the second crop. BT showed the highest grain yield of 239 g m−2, which corresponds to 60% of the yield from the unmowed control. FH produced grains of only 76 g m−2, which barely met the requirement of the dual-purpose cropping system. To enhance the nutritional yield of roughage, it is recommended to harvest the first crop at the early heading stage. Conversely, to achieve a higher grain yield, defoliation should be carried out during the booting stage.

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“…Sunn hemp consistently produced less forage mass than the other treatments (410–681 lb DM acre −1 ). Previous work in the northeastern United States has also found that annual legumes tend to produce lower forage mass compared with grasses (Abdin et al., 1997; Billman et al., 2021). In contrast, work conducted in Florida found that sunn hemp produced forage mass of 900–3,000 lb DM acre −1 depending on the cultivar (Garzon et al., 2020).…”

Section: Forage Mass Sampling Protocols and Nutritive Value Analysesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Identifying optimal early‐season harvest timing in annual fall forages

Billman¹,

Souza

Smith

et al. 2022

Crop Forage & Turfgrass Mgmt

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Fall forage production in the northeastern United States is complicated by early onset of cool temperatures, limiting forage availability in cool-season perennials. Annual forages planted in late summer as cover crops or supplemental forage crops may fill this niche; however, data on their nutritive value over the short fall harvest window is lacking. This study compared six annual forage crops for their forage mass and nutritive value and identified optimal harvest times based on changes between forage mass and digestibility. Monocultures of canola (Brassica napus L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus [Secale × Triticum]), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea L.), and a mixture of all six species were sown in August of 2015 and 2016 then harvested at three time points (6, 8, and 10 weeks after planting [WAP]) over the fall (September-November). Canola, oat, and spring wheat had the greatest forage mass, while sunn hemp had the least across all harvests. Canola and forage radish had the lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and greatest in vitro true dry matter digestibilities (IVTDMd) across all harvests, while sunn hemp and the grasses declined in IVTDMd after first and second harvest.Forage mass of the fall mix was comparable to the highest yielding monoculture at third harvest only. Results suggest that forage brassicas can be harvested without compromising mass or nutritive value, while cereal grasses gained forage mass at the expense of nutritive value.Abbreviations: ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; IVNDFd, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility; IVTDMd, in vitro true dry matter digestibility; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; NE L , net energy of lactation; NFC, nonfiber carbohydrates; SP, soluble crude protein; TDN, total digestible nutrients; WAP, weeks after planting.

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Winter annual forage mass–nutritive value trade‐offs are affected by harvest timing

Abstract: Winter annual forages differ in their comparative forage mass and nutritive value 2. Cereal rye and triticale had the greatest forage mass, but poorest nutritive value 3. Barley had low forage mass, but greater crude protein and lesser fiber 4. Hairy vetch production was poor

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Soil carbon and nitrogen responses to forage cropping systems following irrigation retirement

Soil carbon and nitrogen responses to forage cropping systems following irrigation retirement

Effect of Defoliation Time on Rye Yield and Its Quality under Dual-Purpose Cultivation for Roughage and Concentrate Production

Identifying optimal early‐season harvest timing in annual fall forages

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