Wire codes, magnetic fields, and childhood cancer

Kheifets, Leeka; Kavet, Robert; Sussman, S.S.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1997)18:2<99::aid-bem2>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Initial studies used a surrogate for magnetic fields (known as wire codes) that was based on distance and thickness of power lines near the residence. 37 As instruments became available, the focus shifted to measured or calculated magnetic fields. Results of dozens of increasingly sophisticated studies and the 2 pooled analyses have reported a doubling of risk for children exposed to magnetic fields Ͼ0.3 to 0.4 T compared with children exposed to fields Ͻ0.1 T. 38,39 Although a number of factors, including socioeconomic status, have been evaluated as confounders, substantial confounding has not been identified.…”

Section: Health Risks To Children From Elf Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 84%

The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. In today's world, technologic developments bring social and economic benefits to large sections of society; however, the health consequences of these developments can be difficult to predict and manage. With rapid advances in electromagnetic field (EMF) technologies and communications, children are increasingly exposed to EMFs at earlier and earlier ages. Consistent epidemiologic evidence of an association between childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low frequency (

show abstract

Section: Health Risks To Children From Elf Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 84%

The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This result is consistent with observations from the EMDEX Residential Study. Kheifets et al (1997) analyzed data from that study and found that measured fields (log -transformed ) during the fourth visit to a house explained more than 2 to 2 1 /2 times as much of the variance in the first -visit PE as did wire -code category. Kavet ( 1999 ) also analyzed the stability of measurements over time periods greater than a year in the EMDEX Residential Study data and in a partial data set from the LTWC Study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of a multisite study of U.S. residential magnetic fields

Rankin

Bracken²,

Senior³

et al. 2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper describes the study design, measurement protocols, and results of a project examining residential magnetic -field exposures at eight sites across the contiguous United States. The goal of the project was to investigate surrogates that have been used in epidemiologic studies to characterize residential magnetic -field exposure. These surrogates include: personal -exposure ( PE ), fixed -location long -term ( LT ), and outside and inside point -in -time ( PIT ) magnetic -field measurements; net -service ( or ground current ) measurements; and the ''wire -code category'' of the residence. ( The latter is a surrogate for magnetic -field exposure based on the nature and proximity of electric power lines outside the house. ) Measurements were conducted on four visits to each of eight sites between January 1994 and June 1997 for a study population of 218 single -unit detached dwellings. Information on the residence, residents, and neighborhood was collected. A simple random sample of 392 single -unit detached dwellings at the sites was used to create a weighted sample of houses representative of the population of single -unit residences. The correlations among the various types of 60 -Hz magnetic -field measures were relatively strong ( Pearson r > 0.74, Spearman > 0.78 ). Variability of PE and LT measurements, as measured by the standard deviations during a visit, was independent of wire -code category. Visit means for PE, LT, and outside and inside PIT were well correlated over periods between visits of from 1.5 to 20 months ( r > 0.62, > 0.76 ). These results support the use of survey measurements ( less demanding than personal monitoring ) to represent exposure that occurred up to 20 months in the past. The principal component of the total variance in PE measurements was the between -house variance; betweenvisit and between -site variances were generally less important. This supports the sampling of many houses with relatively few visits in residential exposure characterization studies. There was a trend for presumably higher wire -code categories to be associated with higher field summary measures for all summary measures related to magnetic -field magnitude, including PE and LT resultant, and inside and outside resultant ( 60 Hz ) and harmonics. However, because of the overlap in field levels between categories, wire code was not a good predictor of magnetic -field levels, accounting for less than 21% of the variance in magnetic -field measurements.

show abstract

“…Although relative risks were not presented in their study, Wertheimer and Leeper reported a statistically significant increase in leukaemia mortality among children who lived in close proximity to cables representing high current configurations. Subsequent re-analyses of the data have indicated a three-fold increase in childhood leukaemia (Kheifets et al, 1997;LacyHulbert et al, 1998).…”

Section: Exposure Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent studies expanded the indices to include very high-current configuration (VHCCs), ordinary high-current configuration (OHCCs), ordinary low-current configuration (OLCCs), very low-current configuration (VLCC) and underground cables (UG). Adapted from Kheifets et al, (1997).…”

Section: Residential Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the use of wire codes as a surrogate of exposure to determine predicted magnetic field levels eliminates the prospect of socioeconomic bias, no account of exposure from within the home is taken (Kheifets et al, 1997). The development of magnetic field meters further enhanced the accuracy of exposure assessment, allowing for direct measurements of magnetic fields to be undertaken in homes and over extended periods.…”

Section: Field Measurement Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation