Within-compound associations between the context and the conditioned stimulus

Marlin, Nancy A.

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(82)90008-x

Cited by 46 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Confirming the presence of withincompound associations, the rats no longer preferred to ingest the sucrose (Rescorla and Cunningham 1978). This phenomenon has since been replicated in a number of other paradigms, including fear conditioning, where within-compound associations have been found not only between cues presented in compound (Rescorla 1980;Cunningham 1981;Rescorla and Colwill 1983;Williams et al 1986), but also between the fear conditioning context and a single cue used as the CS (Marlin 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Learned together, extinguished apart: reducing fear to complex stimuli

2013

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Pairing a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a tone) to an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a footshock) leads to associative learning such that the tone alone comes to elicit a conditioned response (e.g., freezing). We have previously shown that an extinction session that occurs within the reconsolidation window attenuates fear responding and prevents the return of fear in pure tone Pavlovian fear conditioning. Here we sought to examine whether this effect also applies to a more complex fear memory. First, we show that after fear conditioning to the simultaneous presentation of a tone and a light (T+L) coterminating with a shock, the compound memory that ensues is more resistant to fear extinction than simple tone-shock pairings. Next, we demonstrate that the compound memory can be disrupted by interrupting the reconsolidation of the two individual components using a sequential retrieval+extinction paradigm, provided the stronger compound component is retrieved first. These findings provide insight into how compound memories are encoded, and could have important implications for PTSD treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Learned together, extinguished apart: reducing fear to complex stimuli

2013

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“…In these studies, rabbits were trained to both tone and light CSs and then exposed solely to the training context for 6 d. The following day, animals were presented with either CS alone and showed virtually no CRs over the course of 4 d. Subsequent CS-US reacquisition yielded CRs at a rate similar to tone alone extinction controls. Such results demonstrating that context exposure produces reductions in previously learned behaviors have been previously reported in cued avoidance and lick-suppression tasks (Gabriel 1970;Marlin 1981). However, to date, experiments examining hippocampal involvement in this context-dependent phenomenon have yet to be carried out.…”

Section: Context the Hippocampus And Extinctionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Brain Mechanisms of Extinction of the Classically Conditioned Eyeblink Response

Robleto¹,

Poulos²,

Thompson³

2004

Learn. Mem.

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It is well established that the cerebellum and its associated circuitry are essential for classical conditioning of the eyeblink response and other discrete motor responses (e.g., limb flexion, head turn, etc.) learned with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). However, brain mechanisms underlying extinction of these responses are still relatively unclear. Behavioral studies have demonstrated extinction as an active learning process distinct from acquisition. Experimental data in eyeblink conditioning suggest that plastic changes specific to extinction may play an important role in this process. Both cerebellar and hippocampal systems may be involved in extinction of these memories. The nature of this phenomenon and identification of the neural substrates necessary for extinction of originally learned responses is the topic of this review.

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“…Second, a CS-US association overshadows a context-US association. Third, if a discrete CS is present that signals the US, a context-CS association is also formed, at least under certain circumstances (see, e.g., Maes, Fidler, & LoLordo, 1996, Marlin, 1982Miller, McCoy, Kelly, & Bardo, 1987;Rescorla, 1984). The existence of such an association in the present experiments is suggested by the positive correlation between freezing to the tone and freezing to the context, and the negative correlation between freezing to tone and the number of crossovers to the shock context that were found for the signaled-shock groups in Experiments 2 and 4, the two experiments in which there was a measure of freezing to tone in a neutral context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of a Discrete Signal on Context Conditioning: Assessment by Preference and Freezing Tests

Maes

LoLordo

1996

Learning and Motivation

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Four experiments with rats assessed conditioning to contextual cues after the delivery of footshocks that were either signaled by a discrete stimulus or unsignaled. Two different tests were used. The first was a context preference test in which subjects were allowed to move freely in a brightly lit, unconditionally aversive context and the former shock context. The second test consisted of scoring freezing behavior while the animals were confined to the former conditioning context. During context preference tests, signaled-shock animals spent more time in the conditioning context and/or entered that context more frequently than did unsignaled-shock subjects. However, freezing tests largely failed to detect a difference between groups. These results were discussed in terms of possible interactions between the formation of contextshock, signal-shock, and context-signal associations and their effect on performance in each of the two types of tests. ᭧

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Within-compound associations between the context and the conditioned stimulus

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

Learned together, extinguished apart: reducing fear to complex stimuli

Learned together, extinguished apart: reducing fear to complex stimuli

Brain Mechanisms of Extinction of the Classically Conditioned Eyeblink Response

The Effect of a Discrete Signal on Context Conditioning: Assessment by Preference and Freezing Tests

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