Within-list serial position effects in free recall.

Gorfein, David S.; Arbak, Christopher J.; Phillips, Robert V.; Squillace, Linda

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.2.2.161

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…We analyzed only unordered data in an attempt to develop relatively simple models and because there were no systematic differences in the probability of recalling the first and second items in our experiments. The absence of this effect in our data is puzzling, since very pronounced effects have been demonstrated in other studies (Gorfein, Arbak, Phillips, & Squillace, 1976;Greitzer, 1976;Underwood & Freund, 1968). Basically, these studies found that items presented earliest within a category are recalled the best.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs.

Batchelder¹,

Riefer²

1980

Psychological Review

123

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A two-factor hypothesis is provided for the spacing effect in free recall of twoitem clusters, (a) The formation and storage of clusters is more likely with small within-category spacing, and (b) the retrieval of clusters is more likely with large within-category spacing. The hypothesis is studied on three levels of increasing theoretical sophistication. Central to all the analyses is the representation of pair-clustering data in terms of basic events in an underlying sample space. At the lowest level, descriptive measures of category recall are shown to vary with spacing in a complex manner that is consistent with, but in no way demonstrative of, the two-factor hypothesis. Next, a simple statistical model is formulated that permits measurement of hypothetical storage and retrieval contributions to pair clustering. A study of these two quantities provides direct support for the two-factor hypothesis. Finally, the two-factor hypothesis is embedded in a multilevel Markov model for pair clustering that postulates separate short-term and long-term memory states. The model provides a good account of trial-to-trial changes in the basic events of pair clustering.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs.

Batchelder¹,

Riefer²

1980

Psychological Review

123

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“…This mechanism mediating the congruency advantage for first trials may relate to the within-list primacy effects found for categorized lists: In previous studies, lists containing blocks of items from the same category (e.g., flowers, animals, countries, etc.) reveal a memory advantage for the first item within each block, even if those items occurred in the middle of the list as a whole (e.g., Gorfein, Arbak, Phillips, & Squillace, 1976). This effect has been attributed to increased rehearsal of items from the same category, for which the category name becomes an implicit associative response: The later occurrence of an item cues its category name, which reactivates earlier items of the same category, improving their encoding (Underwood & Freund, 1969; Wood & Underwood, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge is power: Prior knowledge aids memory for both congruent and incongruent events, but in different ways.

Greve¹,

Cooper²,

Tibon³

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

114

107

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Events that conform to our expectations, that is, are congruent with our world knowledge or schemas, are better remembered than unrelated events. Yet events that conflict with schemas can also be remembered better. We examined this apparent paradox in 4 experiments, in which schemas were established by training ordinal relationships between randomly paired objects, whereas event memory was tested for the number of objects on each trial. Better memory was found for both congruent and incongruent trials, relative to unrelated trials, producing memory performance that was a “ -shaped” function of congruency. The congruency advantage but not incongruency advantage was mediated by postencoding processes, whereas the incongruency advantage, but not congruency advantage, emerged even if the information probed by the memory test was irrelevant to the schema. Schemas therefore augment event memory in multiple ways, depending on the match between novel and existing information.

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The advantages of mathematical modeling over traditional methods in the analysis of category clustering

Riefer¹

1982

Journal of Mathematical Psychology

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Within-list serial position effects in free recall.

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs.

Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs.

Knowledge is power: Prior knowledge aids memory for both congruent and incongruent events, but in different ways.

The advantages of mathematical modeling over traditional methods in the analysis of category clustering

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