Women's Empowerment and Determinants of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Introduction: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), the immediate provision of mothers' breast milk to infants within the first hour of life, has been recommended by the WHO. However, EIBF is not widely practiced, thereby increasing infant mortality risk. This review explored the available and published studies that identified interventions that empower mothers to practice EIBF. Method: We conducted a scoping review to answer the aforementioned aims. Empowerment, Women, Breastfeed, and Initiation were used as initial keywords, which were further developed using Medical Subject Headings by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Five databases, namely: Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCO, ProQuest, and MedLine via PubMed, were searched for potential articles. We also searched the references in addition to the main search. Findings: We included 28 articles in this review. Education was mostly used as women's empowerment indicator in EIBF intervention. Additionally, we identified barriers (C-section and postoperative pain, lactation problems and pregnancy complications, mothers' social and demographic factors, mothers' lack of professional support, babies' condition preventing EIBF) and facilitators (mothers' positive behavior in relation to educational level, completion of antenatal care, poor economic situations of mothers, babies' size at birth) of EIBF. Discussion: Education is the widely used intervention to promote mothers' participation in improving EIBF rate. Furthermore, mothers' and babies' deferring conditions and traditional practices are barriers for EIBF. This review recommends future research and empowerment efforts that sensitively address the identified barriers.

Effects of maternal education on early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices in sub-Saharan Africa: a secondary analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 2015 to 2019

“…Consistent with previous studies, the current study reported a statistically significant positive association between EIBF and older maternal age,23 multiparity,23 24 female infant,25 rural residence,23 wealthier household,23–25 health facility delivery,17 23 mothers not working within the last 12 months and mother on leave for the last 7 days 26. Similarly, in congruence with previous studies, this study found a statistically significant negative association between EIBF and caesarean delivery,14 17 18 23–25 small-sized infant during birth23 24 and mother in marital union 26.…”

Predictors of early initiation of breast feeding; Evidence from 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey

“…Nigeria [18], Namibia [39], West Africa state [23], Nepal [40,41], India [26], Indonesia [8, 27,42], Bangladesh [43,44], South Asia [45], Middle East [28], Turkey [46], Romania [47]. A secondary analysis of the WHO Global survey published in 2017 also showed EIBF to be signi cantly lower among women with caesarean section delivery [22].…”

Peran Perawat dan Bidan terhadap Pelaksanaan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD)

“…Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Adewuyi et al (2017) bahwa keberhasilan IMD di daerah perkotaan lebih tinggi daripada daerah pedesaan. Penelitian lain secara scoping review ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor penghambat IMD adalah operasi caesar, nyeri paska persalinan, masalah laktasi dan komplikasi kehamilan, faktor sosial dan demografi, rendahnya dukungan ibu, kondisi bayi, sedangkan yang menunjang IMD adalah perilaku positif ibu terkait tingkat pendidikan, perawatan antenatal yang lengkap, ekonomi ibu, dan ukuran bayi (Hadisuyatmana et al, 2021).…”