Women's fishing in Oceania

Chapman, Margaret D.

doi:10.1007/bf00888026

Cited by 115 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The consumption of kava unites many parts of the region, both in ritual as well as in mundane settings. In the marine context, detailed knowledge and management of fishponds (Costa-Pierce 2002), fish weirs and traps (Dieudonne et al 2002), gleaning (Chapman 1987), and nearshore and open ocean fishing (Johannes 1981, Hviding 1996, Ruddle 1998 are also characteristic. Important features of these systems include traditionally placed restrictions on specific species, lifeforms, people, places, or times, with "the tabu areas of Fiji, Vanuatu and Kiribati, the ra'ui in the Cook Islands, the kapu in http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss4/art44/ Hawaiʻi, the tambu in PNG [Papua New Guinea], the bul in Palau, the mo in the Marshall Islands, the tapu in Tonga and the rahui in New Zealand (Māori)" (Vierros et al 2010:7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small islands, valuable insights: systems of customary resource use and resilience to climate change in the Pacific

McMillen¹,

Ticktin²,

Friedlander³

et al. 2014

E&S

150

133

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ABSTRACT. Understanding how social-ecological systems are and can be resilient to climate change is one of the world's most crucial problems today. It requires knowledge at local and global scales, the integration of natural and social sciences, and a focus on biocultural diversity. Small Pacific Islands and the knowledge-practice-belief systems of their peoples have a long history of resilience to environmental variability and unpredictability, including in areas with marginal habitats and with periodic, severe disturbance (e.g., drought, flood, storms, and tsunami). We review the state of research on these knowledge systems as it pertains to resilience and adaptation, and we highlight critical research needs to address the interrelated areas of: (1) local-scale expertise and observations of change with regard to weather, life-history cycles, and ecological processes; (2) customary resource management institutions and practices (i.e., with agroforests and the nearshore marine environment); and (3) the roles of leaders, social institutions, and social networks in the context of disturbance and change. We conclude that these knowledge systems can contribute high-resolution observations, benchmark data, and insights into practices that enhance resilience and adaptive capacity in integrated terrestrial and marine systems. Community-based and participatory approaches can complement and ground-truth climate models and direct culturally appropriate resource management, research, and adaptation measures. Although most islands in the Pacific are small, their knowledge systems include valuable insights on seasonal cycles, ecological processes, and the management of biocultural diversity that are relevant at a broad scale for understanding resilience and adaptability to the social-ecological effects of climate change.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small islands, valuable insights: systems of customary resource use and resilience to climate change in the Pacific

McMillen¹,

Ticktin²,

Friedlander³

et al. 2014

E&S

150

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Certainly, they play a major role in patterning distribution of produce, particulariy ^^ Chapman (1987), reported a similar monopolization by senior males of 'religious', as opposed to 'secular', fishing throughout Oceania. of meat, in many societies (eg.…”

Section: Table 44mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Begossi 1993;Chapman 1987;Cordell 1989;Johannes 1981;McCay 1978;Nietschmann 1973;Ohtsuka 1977;Smith 1977;Smith & Hanna 1993). where alternatives are limited.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fishing at Gwaimasi: the interaction of social and ecological factors in influencing subsistence behaviour

Minnegal¹

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Fishing at Gwaimasi: the interaction of social and ecological factors in influencing subsistence behaviourThis treatise describes fishing behaviour of people living at the village of Gwaimasi in the interior lowlands of Papua New Guinea. The concern is not with fishing as such but wdth the way in which social and ecological factors interact to influence behaviour. Iargue that an adequate explanation for behaviour must incorporate both dimensions, and suggest a conceptual basis for achieving this. The study then illustrates how at least one aspect of social organization, the size of resource-sharing groups, could be incorporated within a frame of analysis -evolutionary ecology -that has typically focussed on the explanatory significance of ecological factors.The primary thesis asserts that the probability of a particular pattern of behaviour being reproduced depends on both social and ecological factors. Variation in either domain can be expected to affect the kinds of behaviour observed, but the two domains do not affect behaviour in the same way. Ecological factors constrain production, the material outcome of action; social factors constrain consumption, the use that can be made of that outcome. The two domains are complementary, not contradictory, in their influence; in as much as production and consumption themselves are two facets of any action, ecology and society should be seen as mutually constitutive systems mediated by the actor.Evolutionary ecologists have tended to analyse constraints on production, particularly extrinsic constraints on production, in explaining behavioural variability.While constraints on consumption are not ignored, they are usually discussed only in terms of the intrinsic requirements of the actor. I argue that consumption, like production, is subject to extrinsic constraints; the use that an individual can make of a particular outcome of action may depend on the actions of others. In particular, where a resource has declining marginal value, the amount that is likely to be received from others will limit the amount that an individual can usefully procure; as a corollary, the iii expectation of having to distribute produce among others will increase the amount that can be usefully procured. In each case, the effect will depend on the size of the resourcesharijig group.These arguments are illustrated by analyses of the fishing behaviour of people atGwaimasi over a period of 57 weeks, Eariy chapters set the scene for those analyses, introduce the actors and position fishing within their broader subsistence arrangements.The community was small and isolated, the people hunter-horticulturalists using about 50km^ for subsistence. Skulls of neariy all fish caught within that area during the survey were purchased, and details recorded of fisher, technique, location and context of capture.In addition, records were kept of where individuals were based within the local area each day. Analyses of these data indicate that whether people chose to fish, as well as where and how they fish...

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“…We assume an equal division of labour between men and women for either subsistence labour or employment across marine and land realms. We note this may not be the case for other developing nations, as typically hunting and deep water fishing is done by men, but studies in the Pacific region document that women in Papua New Guinea and Fiji are involved in subsistence fish captured in shallow-water reefs, and lagoon and estuary areas for both barter and household consumption (Chapman 1987), and women's participation in agricultural labour is also high (UN 1995;UNDP 2016). If this analysis were to be replicated in other regions, the division of labour between men and women in either fishing or land-based activities would need to be considered and the benefit function modified to account for this.…”

Section: Mathematical Description Of Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing direct and indirect threats to marine ecosystems to balance multiple objectives

Tulloch¹

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Human activities affecting the environment are intensifying. In marine ecosystems, direct stressors of overfishing and habitat destruction have led to biodiversity declines, prompting calls for conservation action and more sustainable resource management. Managing stressors becomes more challenging when stressors interact, or are indirect, whereby the source of the threatening activity is displaced from impacts, such as the localised effects of global warming, or runoff from land-use change degrading coral reefs. Effective management requires improved understanding of ecosystem responses to multiple stressors and consideration of interactions between stressors and species.Opposing objectives and outcomes of marine conservation (i.e. reducing stressors) versus resource management (often increasing stressors) compromise effective decision-making. Approaches are needed that include ecological and socio-economic information to promote long-term sustainability of extractive uses, protect functioning ecosystems, and conserve biodiversity. The choice of tool used to inform ecosystem management is typically constrained by management goals and available resources -spatial planning is typically used for conservation, whereas resource management relies more on population modelling.The goal of this thesis is to harness spatial and population modelling techniques to combine resource management with biodiversity conservation and link direct and indirect stressors to marine biodiversity persistence. Chapter 1 provides the context for the thesis, where I explore these themes and outline differences in decision-making for conservation versus extraction. In Chapter 2, I explore how agencies have managed stressors to date, and show that a decision-theoretic approach known as "structured decision-making" (SDM) is a more logical and effective way of managing stressors than traditional approaches that map threats. SDM requires clear objectives, canvassing of alternative management options, and linking outcomes for biodiversity to the effectiveness of each management option. SDM ensures that conservation actions occur where they are the most cost-efficient or effective. I apply recommendations from Chapter 2 in two case studies for managing multiple stressors to marine ecosystems: 1) spatial planning for oil palm agriculture and coral reef fisheries in Papua New Guinea (Chapters 3 and 4), and 2) managing whale species affected by harvesting, climate change and krill population dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere (Chapters 5 and 6).In Chapter 3 I combine ecosystem models and threat maps with spatial conservation planning to predict responses of coral and seagrass ecosystems to changing land uses. My novel framework identifies high priority areas for marine reserves whilst accounting for indirect impacts of land use change such as oil palm development and uncertainty in future stressor intensities. I demonstrate ii how we can reduce adverse impacts of oil palm expansion and make more effective whole-ofsystem decisions for coasta...

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Women's fishing in Oceania

Cited by 115 publications

References 19 publications

Small islands, valuable insights: systems of customary resource use and resilience to climate change in the Pacific

Small islands, valuable insights: systems of customary resource use and resilience to climate change in the Pacific

Fishing at Gwaimasi: the interaction of social and ecological factors in influencing subsistence behaviour

Managing direct and indirect threats to marine ecosystems to balance multiple objectives

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