Women’s Labor Force Attachment and Childbearing in Finland

Vikat, Andres

doi:10.4054/demres.2004.s3.8

Cited by 147 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

146

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Andersson (2000) used register data on Swedish women's annual earnings during the 1980s and 1990s and found a strong positive association between earnings and first-birth rates, but only weak associations with second-and third-birth behaviour. These findings were supported by a recent study by Silva (2014) based on register data for Sweden that covers the period 1968. Vikat (2004 reports very similar results for Finland based on Finnish register data.…”

Section: Fertility Dynamics In Germany and Denmarksupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Studies for Nordic countries report strongly negative correlations between female non-employment and first-birth behaviour but only weak associations of female unemployment with first-birth fertility (Andersson 2000;Andersson and Scott 2005;Jalovaara and Miettinen 2013;Kravdal 2002;Lundström and Andersson 2012;Vikat 2004). On the whole, micro-level research largely supports the hypothesis that the institutional context may shape the association between female employment and first-birth behaviour.…”

Section: Fertility Dynamics In Germany and Denmarkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies for Germany confirm a negative association between female employment and second and higher-order fertility (Alich 2006;Kreyenfeld and Zabel 2005). For the Nordic countries, related research generally reports weak associations between female employment and the continued childbearing of mothers, in particular for second births (Andersson 2000;Andersson and Scott 2007;Kravdal 1992;Oláh 2003;Vikat 2004).…”

Section: Fertility Dynamics In Germany and Denmarkmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study investigates the role of female labour-market attachment and earnings in childbearing progressions in two very different European contexts. By applying event-history techniques to German and Danish register data during 1981-2001, we demonstrate how female earnings relate to first, second and third birth propensities. Our study shows that female earnings are positively associated with first birth fertility in Denmark, while this is not the case in West Germany. We interpret our findings based on the fact that Danish social context and policy encourage women to establish themselves in the labour market before becoming mothers, while the German institutional context during the 1980s and 1990s was not geared towards encouraging maternal employment. For higher-order births, the results are less clearcut. For Denmark we find a slightly positive correlation between female earnings and second-birth fertility, while the association is somewhat negative for third-order births. In Germany, women tend to leave the labour market when becoming mothers. Non-employed mothers have elevated second and, in particular, third-birth rates. For the group of mothers who are employed, we find only a weak association between their earnings and higher-order fertility.

show abstract

Section: Fertility Dynamics In Germany and Denmarksupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Fertility Dynamics In Germany and Denmarkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fertility Dynamics In Germany and Denmarkmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Availability of local childcare has been shown to increase fertility at all parities , while family policy in the form of childcare allowance buffered Finnish fertility at higher parities during the severe economic recession in the early 1990s (Vikat 2004). Gender equality also appears to promote family formation in the region, but not necessarily progression to third or later births (Duvander et al 2010).…”

Section: Nordic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries

Basten

Sobotka

Zeman

et al. 2014

World Population and Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries AbstractThis paper discusses results of the global survey of experts on the future of low fertility in low-fertility countries. The survey was coordinated by the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital as a part of an effort to produce global argumentbased population projections by age, sex and level of education. First we give an overview of fertility changes in major low-fertility regions. Next we outline main theoretical arguments and review a wide range of factors contributing to fertility change and variation in contemporary low-fertility settings. Subsequently, we present survey results based on 184 assessments of over 170 experts analysing 41 countries with currently low or aroundreplacement fertility and Israel. These experts provided forecasts of period total fertility rate (TFR) in 2030 and 2050, estimated 80% confidence interval of their forecast and assessed the validity and potential impact on fertility of 46 factors. We also compare expert-derived projections of the TFR trends with the forecasts formulated by the UN World Population Prospects in 2010. The survey results in combination with the feedback provided by the invited experts then serve as a basis for formulating a set of projection scenarios for all low fertility countries up until 2050, which are additionally expanded (in a simpler form) through 2200. We present these scenarios and discuss past changes in fertility differences by level of education and their potential future trends in main regions. Presented analyses and projections indicate that a global convergence of fertility to around replacement level, envisioned in the UN projections, appears unlikely. Continuing differentiation combined with partial convergence in fertility towards lower levels is suggested as a more plausible scenario, with East Asia (including China) as well as Russia expected to have sustained very low fertility below 1.5 through 2050.

show abstract

“…The availability of childcare has also been shown to increase fertility at all parities (Rindfuss et al 2010). It has also been suggested that during the severe economic recession in the early 1990s in Finland, family policies that provided child homecare allowances helped to sustain fertility levels (Vikat 2004). Whereas in the UK and the US childlessness rates are low among less educated women because unwanted pregnancies are common, the Nordic welfare state is highly successful at preventing unwanted pregnancies.…”

Section: Conclusion: Many Shades Of Childlessnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childlessness in Finland

Rotkirch

Miettinen

2017

Demographic Research Monographs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

"-Well, life didn't turn out as expected."Recently, I (the first author of this chapter) attended a school reunion where I caught up with former classmates, many of whom I had not seen for decades. When I spoke to one of the attendees, I was intrigued by her frank answer, quoted above, to my general question about how she was doing. Finns have preserved the touching habit of taking small talk seriously. So I asked her what she meant. "-For a start, I have no children."Since my former classmates are now approaching 50, it was clear that the childbearing years were over for the women in the room. Most of the people gathered had a couple of teenagers at home, while some had older children who had already moved out. Some of the men had paired up with younger women and had toddlers. As so often in such social situations, how the children are doing emerged as the easiest, safest discussion topic in the noisy room. Even if the children have problems, they can be shared anecdotally, or glossed over by a superficial answer.The topic of childlessness is much more sensitive. Finns are liberal and secular in their attitudes towards family life. As early as in the 1980s, over 70 % of Finnish women surveyed said they did not believe that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled (Nikander 1992), and only 20 % said they thought that a person could not be completely happy unless he or she has children (Paajanen et al. 2007). Although there is no strong stigma associated with childlessness in Finland, it is still not easy to ask people why they are childless, in part because the reasons they might

show abstract

Women’s Labor Force Attachment and Childbearing in Finland

Cited by 147 publications

References 17 publications

Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark

Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark

Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries

Childlessness in Finland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About