Women's Participation and Employment in Iran: A Critical Examination

Alaedini, Pooya; Razavi, Mohamad Reza

doi:10.1080/10669920500057062

“…Regarding the lower risk of female gender, an issue addressed in our previous articles [28,55], this might be related to baseline socioeconomic differences among genders. Our study was initiated in 1999-2000 in a developing country where females share in public sector employment was registered at 30.33 percent in 1999 and most females worked in households, whereas males were mostly occupied with outdoor jobs [56]. Hence, males were more in contact with chemicals and non-chemical environmental factors such as temperature, noise exposure, physiological stress, and air pollution which potentially amplify its association with cardiovascular events [57].…”

Section: Tyg-index and Cardiovascular Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on incident cardiovascular events during 16 years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Barzegar

¹

,

Tohidi

²

,

Hasheminia

³

et al. 2020

Cardiovasc Diabetol

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Background To investigate whether the Triglyceride-Glucose index (TyG-index) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)/coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods A total of 7521 Iranians aged ≥ 30 years (male = 3367) were included in the study. Multivariate Cox regression analyses (adjusted for age, gender, waist circumference, body mass index, educational level, smoking status, physical activity, family history of CVD, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid lowering drugs) were used to assess the risk of incident CVD/CHD across quintiles and for 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in the TyG-index. The cut off point for TyG-index was assessed by the minimum value of $$\sqrt {\left( {1 - sensitivity} \right)^{2} + \left( {1 - specificity} \right)^{2} }$$ 1 - s e n s i t i v i t y 2 + 1 - s p e c i f i c i t y 2 . We also examined the added value of the TyG-index in addition to the Framingham risk score when predicting CVD. Results During follow-up, 1084 cases of CVD (male = 634) were recorded. We found a significant trend of TyG-index for incident CVD/CHD in multivariate analysis (both Ps for tend ≤ 0.002). Moreover, a 1-SD increase in TyG-index was associated with significant risk of CVD/CHD in multivariate analysis [1.16 (1.07–1.25) and 1.19 (1.10–1.29), respectively]. The cut-off value of TyG-index for incident CVD was 9.03 (59.2% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity); the corresponding value of TyG-index for incident CHD was 9.03 (60.0% sensitivity and 62.8% specificity), respectively. Although no interaction was found between gender and TyG-index for CVD/CHD in multivariate analysis (both Ps for interaction > 0.085), the significant trend of TyG-index was observed only among females for incident CVD (P = 0.035). A significant interaction was found between age groups (i.e. ≥ 60 vs < 60 years) and TyG-index for CVD outcomes in the multivariate model (P-value for interaction = 0.046). Accordingly, a significant association between the TyG-index and outcomes was found only among the younger age group. Among the population aged < 60 the addition of TyG-index to the Framingham risk score (FRS) did not show improvement in the predictive ability of the FRS, using integrated discrimination improvement. Conclusion The TyG-index is significantly associated with increased risk of CVD/CHD incidence; this issue was more prominent among the younger population. However, adding TyG-index to FRS does not provide better risk prediction for CVD.

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“…This is attributed to national education policies (Cohoon and Aspray, 2006), lack of female science and IT teachers at primary, secondary and tertiary levels and differential/inequitable relationships and interactions between (male) teachers and male/female students (Jenson and Rose, 2003). Alaedini and Razavi (2005) also consider lack of technical knowledge by women as a limiting factor fin pursuing entrepreneurship in GCC countries.…”

Section: Limited Information Technology Skillsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategic interventions to improve women entrepreneurship in GCC countries

Faisal

¹

,

Jabeen

²

,

Katsioloudes

³

2017

JEEE

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Purpose In Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, entrepreneurship is not a very popular option among women. The low rate of entrepreneurship as a career choice among females is attributed to factors that are specific to females in GCC region. The purpose of this paper is to understand these variables and their interrelationships that lead to low rate of adoption of entrepreneurship as a career choice among females in GCC region. Design/methodology/approach The research followed a two-stage process; first, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify barriers to female entrepreneurship in GCC region. In the second stage, the identified barriers were modeled using fuzzy interpretive structural modeling technique to construct a hierarchical structure and the impact matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification approach to analyze the control power and dependence among these barriers. Findings The research shows that there exists a group of barriers having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance, while another group consists of those variables that have high dependence and are the resultant actions. Practical implications This research will help policy makers to focus on variables that are most important and requires immediate attention for the development and empowerment of female entrepreneurship in the GCC region. The paper suggests future course of action to provide an impetus to efforts aimed at improving female entrepreneurship in the GCC region. Originality/value The policy makers in the GCC region have accorded high priority to entrepreneurship to reduce the dependence of population on government jobs. This research is one of the few studies on female entrepreneurship conducted in GCC region to understand the impediments that limit the adoption of entrepreneurship as a career choice by women.

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“…The economy of Iran is dominated by the traditional merchant economy which has a male dominated culture (IRIN, 2003). Moreover, the post‐revolutionary and war atmosphere in Iran has reinforced certain social norms for Iranian women and has determined suitable occupations for them (Alaedini and Razavi, 2005). As a result of these social norms the majority of occupations except for teaching and healthcare are male dominated and the occupational segregation has led to low rates of participation in workforce despite women's high levels of education.…”

Section: External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining successful Iranian women entrepreneurs: an exploratory study

Javadian

¹

,

Singh

²

2012

Gender in Management: An International Journal

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the factors impacting successful Iranian women entrepreneurs. The factors include: self‐efficacy, risk taking, negative stereotypes, and societal culture and traditions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper utilizes interviews conducted with a sample of successful Iranian women entrepreneurs and examines the challenges they had to overcome, as well as their success factors.FindingsChallenges caused by the negative stereotypes and traditions of Iranian society are barriers successful Iranian women entrepreneurs had to overcome. The possession of personal internal factors such as high levels of self‐efficacy and risk taking positively impacted these women's success.Research limitation/implicationsThe interviews were not conducted by the authors and were published in Farsi, so there may be interpretation and/or translation issues. However, there are few empirical studies on Iranian women entrepreneurs, and this research is one of the first that contributes to a better understanding of this important group of entrepreneurs. Further empirical research is needed to advance knowledge of Iranian women entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the scarce knowledge about Iranian women entrepreneurship, by introducing readers to this unique subgroup of entrepreneurs. It represents a starting point to an important area of research.

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Women's Participation and Employment in Iran: A Critical Examination

Cited by 18 publications

References 2 publications

The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on incident cardiovascular events during 16 years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on incident cardiovascular events during 16 years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Strategic interventions to improve women entrepreneurship in GCC countries

Examining successful Iranian women entrepreneurs: an exploratory study

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