Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffragism in Japan, 1870-1925

Molony, Barbara

doi:10.2307/3641228

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…PEN have remained fairly stable at low levels over the same time period, despite active feminist movements in Japan. In 1919, the New Woman Association achieved important civil successes for women, including granting them the right to join political parties and participate in political events, as well as having equitable divorce laws ( Molony, 2000 ). Women gained the right to vote after the second World War.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey

et al. 2022

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BackgroundAlmost nowhere in the world do women participate as much as men in the labor force. Despite differences in countries’ economic, social and cultural contexts, gender norms—unwritten rules of acceptable actions for men and women—have been found to affect women’s labor participation across contexts. Gender norms include those regulating who takes care of children, who is expected to earn more, and in which sectors men and women should work. Importantly, norms affect access to labor markets at times of scarcity: when there’s only work for one, gender norms can dictate whether a woman or man gets the job. Advocates of equal labor force participation point to evidence that employment can contribute to people’s health and well-being; yet the evidence is mixed and contradictory, and mostly comes from high-income countries. In restrictive normative contexts in which women are assigned the role of family caretaker, full time employment (FTE) might be particularly burdensome. At the same time, the literature lacks a cross-country analysis of how gender norms affect women’s FTE and their health when employed full time, despite qualitative research providing clear evidence of the influence of gender norms on labor participation.AimsIn this paper we examine: (1) how gender norms affect women’s access to FTE across 97 countries; (2) associations between FTE and women’s self-reported health self-rated (SRH) across different normative contexts (i.e., countries where it is common vs. uncommon for women to stay home); and (3) how women’s FTE and gender norms changed over time in four countries.DataWe used time-series data from the World Values Survey and European Values Survey conducted in over 100 countries between 1981 and 2014. Both surveys attempt to capture norms, beliefs and values in addition to sociodemographic information among a nationally representative adult population in each country. The sample for the cross-sectional analyses (aims 1 and 2) included 97 countries and 131,132 respondents. The sample for aim 3 included data from Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan.VariablesOur outcome of interest was pro-equality norms in the context of access to the labor market for women. Respondents were asked “if jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women do?”. Response options included no, neither or yes. We created a binary variable to represent pro-equality norms. We included employment status and SRH as exposures of interest.AnalysisWe used individual-level data to generate on-average and sex-stratified estimates of the outcome and exposures for each country, at each time point. We estimated the percentage of all respondents, of women, and of men who held pro-equality norms (believe that men should not have more right to a job than women), the percentage who were employed full time, and the average level of SRH. To measure gender inequality in FTE, we also estimated the absolute difference in FTE between women and men for each country at each time point. First, we conducted descriptive, cross-sectional ecological analyses using one survey per country from wave 5 or 6 (whichever was most recent) to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status as a proxy for associations between norms and the context of employment in each country. We also examined associations between pro-equality norms and SRH. We then specified adjusted logistic regression models with controls for age, sex and education to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status. To examine if the relationship between FTE and SRH varied by normative context, we grouped countries in quartiles of pro-equality norms. Finally, we conducted descriptive ecological analyses of the relationship between pro-equality norms and employment status over time in four countries.ResultsObjective 1: Gender norms intersect with socio-cultural contexts in determining women’s FTE. While in some countries gender norms aligned positively with women’s access to employment (i.e., more equal norms matched more equality in FTE), in Eastern Europe and South America we observed a mismatch. In Eastern Europe we found strong norms against equal access but small sex differences in FTE. In South America, we observed a stark difference in FTE favoring men, despite positive gender norms promoting women’s paid employment. Objective 2: We found the association between SRH and FTE to vary across normative contexts. For instance, while in Scandinavian countries it was protective to be a woman in FTE and harmful not to work full-time, we found the opposite effect in Middle Eastern countries. Objective 3: We found a general tendency to move toward greater equality in norms and FTE over time everywhere in the world. However, political and economic events can generate variations over time and setbacks in progress toward equality.We specifically looked at 4 countries: Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan and assessed the effects of economic, political and national legislative changes on FTE over time.ImplicationsThis paper contributes to the conversation on tensions between universal justice and contextual factors affecting one’s health. To achieve purposeful and global universal health and justice, policy makers and global health practitioners must design effective, context-relevant interventions that are deeply and transparently informed by the values they embody. As we strive to achieve global gender equality, its meanings and purposes will vary across contexts in ways that demand people-led conversations and interventions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey

et al. 2022

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“…Bradley records in his diary: "I made him a professional visit this evening, taking Mrs. Bradley with me.… I apprehended that I might meet with difficulty 15 Willard had earlier worked with the Foreign Missionary Society (Gordon 1924: 59;Rushing 2003: 10). For WCTU work in Asia, see Yasutake 2006;Molony 2000;Jayawardena 1986;Edwards 2000;and Edwards and Roces 2004. 16 Characterized as "one of the three most remarkable women of the world," Ackermann (1860-1951) "made eight trips around the world and covered 380,000 miles" (Rushing 2003: 6, 35; see also Willard and Livermore 1967: 4-5.…”

Section: Evidence Of Pro-suffrage Foreignersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 15 Willard had earlier worked with the Foreign Missionary Society (Gordon 1924: 59; Rushing 2003: 10). For WCTU work in Asia, see Yasutake 2006; Molony 2000; Jayawardena 1986; Edwards 2000; and Edwards and Roces 2004.…”

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confidence: 99%

Women's Suffrage in Thailand: A Southeast Asian Historiographical Challenge

Bowie

2010

Comp Stud Soc Hist

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Although much of the history of women's suffrage has focused on the American and British struggles of the early twentieth century, a newer generation of interdisciplinary scholars is exploring its global trajectory. Fundamental to these cross-cultural comparisons is the establishment of an international timeline of women's suffrage; its order at once shapes and is shaped by its historiography. According to the currently dominant chronology, “Female suffrage began with the 1893 legislation in New Zealand” (Ramirez, Soysal, and Shanahan 1997: 738; see also Grimshaw 1987 [1972]: xiv). In this timeline, “Australia was next to act, in 1902” (ibid.). Despite the geographical location of New Zealand and Australia in greater Southeast Asia, the narrative that accompanies this timeline portrays “first world” women as leading the struggle for suffrage and “third world” women as following their example.1As Ramirez, Soysal, and Shanahan write, “A smaller early wave of suffrage extensions between 1900 and 1930 occurred mostly in European states. A second, more dramatic wave occurred after 1930” (ibid.). Similarly, Patricia Grimshaw writes, “It was principally in the English-speaking world, in the United States, in Britain and its colonial dependencies, and in the Scandinavian countries that sustained activity for women's political enfranchisement occurred. Other countries eventually followed suit” (1987: xiv).

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“…65 Współczesna kobieta japońska, "Echo z Dalekiego Wschodu" 1939, nr 2, s. 9. 66 Y. Nuita, Fusae Ichikawa: Japanese Women Suffragist, "Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies" 3(1978), nr 3, s. 58-62. zystencję na zarobkach ojca lub męża, wówczas w ciężkich warunkach, zmuszone zostały do myślenia o sobie i zaczęły garnąć się do wykonywania różnego rodzaju rzemiosła 71 , a także zawodów 72 . Niewątpliwym sukcesem japońskiego feminizmu było założenie przez rząd Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej dla kobiet.…”

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Sytuacja społeczna kobiet na Dalekim Wschodzie utrwalona w czasopismach i wspomnieniach Polaków na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

Jaszewska

2020

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Walka z niesprawiedliwością względem kobiet toczyła się na Dalekim Wschodzie od setek lat, jednak ich położenie uległo poprawie dopiero w pierwszych dekadach XX wieku. Bodźcem do usamodzielnienia się tamtejszych kobiet stały się liczne przekłady literatury europejskiej z końca XIX wieku. Głównym postulatem stawianym przez rzesze Chinek i Japonek było przyznanie kobietom praw wyborczych, co stało się możliwe dopiero pod koniec lat czterdziestych XX wieku. Mimo wszystko kobiety Dalekiego Wschodu nie zrezygnowały ze swoich dążeń, uzyskując szereg znaczących praw, między innymi majątkowych, spadkowych, a także w dziedzinie nauki i pracy. Polacy z zaciekawieniem przyglądali się walce Chinek i Japonek o równouprawnienie, co uwidoczniło się w artykułach publikowanych zarówno w Polsce, jak i zagranicą.

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Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffragism in Japan, 1870-1925

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey

Women's Suffrage in Thailand: A Southeast Asian Historiographical Challenge

Sytuacja społeczna kobiet na Dalekim Wschodzie utrwalona w czasopismach i wspomnieniach Polaków na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

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