Wood modification with DMDHEU (1.3-dimethylol-4.5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) – State of the art, recent research activities and future perspectives

Emmerich, Lukas; Bollmus, Susanne; Militz, Holger

doi:10.1080/17480272.2017.1417907

Cited by 62 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…(2) which coincides with previous fi ndings by Emmerich et al (2017) and Brischke et al (2012), who reported on increased brittleness of these materials. In contrary, acetylation improved the abrasion resistance of wood.…”

Section: Abrasion Resistance Tests -Shaker Methods 23 Ispitivanje Otsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Some, such as thermal modifi cation, have a negative effect on the latter because the wood becomes more brittle (Tjeerdsma et al, 1998, Epmeier et al, 2004, Shida and Saito, 2007, Brischke et al, 2012. Surface hardness of chemically modifi ed wood is often increased as reported for acetylated wood (Larsson and Simonson, 1994), furfurylated wood (Lande et al, 2004, Esteves et al, 2011, DM-DHEU treated wood (Emmerich et al, 2017), or melamine resin impregnated wood (Behr et al, 2017). In contrast, the hardness of thermally modifi ed wood is reduced (Gunduz et al, 2009, Meyer et al, 2011.…”

Section: Sažetak • Modifi Kacija Drva Prikladan Je Način Poboljšanja mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Abrasion Resistance of Thermally and Chemically Modified Timber

2019

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Wood modification is an appropriate way of improving the natural durability and dimensional stability of wood without the use of biocides. Different thermal and chemical wood modification processes are available for this purpose, very differently affecting the structural integrity of wood. In this study, thermally modified, melamine resin treated, acetylated, furfurylated, and mDMDHEU treated wood underwent abrasion tests according to two different methods representing different loads in practice. The Taber Abraser method caused crosswise cutting into the wood surface, while the Shaker method challenged mainly the specimen edges with dynamic loads. Abrasion resistance of wood was affected by all types of cell wall modification, but the effects were strongly dependent on the type of modification and the applied load type. For characterising the suitability of wooden materials with respect to wear resistance under outdoor conditions, it is recommended to apply a set of methods rather than a single test procedure to fully reflect the loads occurring in practice.

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Section: Abrasion Resistance Tests -Shaker Methods 23 Ispitivanje Otsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Sažetak • Modifi Kacija Drva Prikladan Je Način Poboljšanja mentioning

confidence: 98%

Abrasion Resistance of Thermally and Chemically Modified Timber

2019

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“…The rate of decrease in the WPG was more apparent for ZC-103 at high MA concentrations. A decrease in WPG during leaching experiments has also been observed in wood esterified by citric acid [24] and succinic anhydride [25] and etherified by glutaraldehyde [26]: all compounds provided similar results. The average decreases in the WPG of 103, ZC-103, 120, and ZC-120 were 2.76%, 4.12%, 2.05%, and 3.29%, respectively.…”

Section: Effect Of Leaching Cycles On Wpgmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…When ZnCl 2 was added at 103 • C and 120 • C (ZC-103 and ZC-120), the bending strength was also slightly improved compared to the groups without ZnCl 2 (103 and 120) because more chemicals were deposited in the cell cavity and the intercellular layer of the cell wall. When the wood was subjected to an external force, the chemicals in the cell cavities and walls increased the compression resistance on the upper surface of the wood and acted as a tensile force on the lower surface of the wood: the change in the integrated stress manifested as an increase in the bending strength of the modified samples [26]. When the temperature was raised from 103 • C to 120 • C, a 37.58% decrease in the bending strength was observed (comparison of 103 and 120).…”

Section: Determination Of Mechanical Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Improving the Fixation Rate of Impregnated Poplar Wood with Maltodextrin and 1,3-Dimethylol-4,5-Dihydroxyethyleneurea

Cai

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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The impregnation of poplar wood (Populus adenopoda Maxim) with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea and maltodextrin and the effects of ZnCl2 and curing at 103 °C and 120 °C on the fixation rate and the leaching resistance of modified samples were investigated (103 °C curing, ZnCl2 + 103 °C curing, 120 °C curing, and ZnCl2 + 120 °C curing are denoted as 103, ZC-103, 120, and ZC-120, respectively), with the aim of improving the modification effect. The results showed that ZC-103 had the highest fixation rate, and its weight leaching ratio was higher than that of 120. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that ZnCl2 did not affect the functional groups of the modified chemicals. The flexural strength and modulus and the compressive strength perpendicular to the grain were highest for ZC-103. In summary, ZC-103 exhibited the highest fixation rate, indicating that the hardener ZnCl2 bridged and increased the interfacial properties between the chemicals and cell walls and therefore increased the potential for macromolecule polycondensation between the chemicals and cell wall materials. This research paves the way for improving the fixation rate of impregnated wood and provides new insights into practical applications.

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“…Each of these modification methods is working with different chemical principles. Acetylation targets free hydroxyl groups of cell wall polymers (chemical modification) [6], furfurylation and other thermosetting resins mainly target the filling of all nano or microvoids in wood tissue (bulking modification) [7,8], while DMDHEU targets both, through a cross-linking effect and a cell wall bulking effect [2,9]. There are also a number of novel methods based on grafting polymerization, such as surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of various hydrophobic monomers [10,11], or ring opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of spruce wood by UV-crosslinked PEG hydrogels inside wood cell walls

Ermeydan

2018

Reactive and Functional Polymers

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Chemical modification methods provide wood materials with longer service-life specifically for outdoor utilization by fixing impregnated reagents via covalent bonding into wood cell walls. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate (PEGdA) was impregnated in spruce wood and cured via UV-polymerization to form poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel inside wood cell walls. The synthesis was performed in two steps: vacuum impregnation of PEGdA macromonomers and initiator into wood and subsequent crosslinking via UV-polymerization in water media. The resulting hydrogel modified wood cell walls (PEG-m-CW) were characterized by confocal Raman microscopy and spectroscopy, emission scanning electron microscopy, and equilibrium moisture content test. Results show that PEG hydrogels are formed deep inside the wood tissue structure: the polymer is distributed in both latewood and earlywood cell walls, and latewood lumina are filled due to macromonomer blockage. This process allows straightforward, highly practical synthesis of hydrogel in water media and has great potential as a modification method to eliminate specific disadvantages of wood.

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Wood modification with DMDHEU (1.3-dimethylol-4.5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) – State of the art, recent research activities and future perspectives

Cited by 62 publications

References 29 publications

Abrasion Resistance of Thermally and Chemically Modified Timber

Abrasion Resistance of Thermally and Chemically Modified Timber

Study on Improving the Fixation Rate of Impregnated Poplar Wood with Maltodextrin and 1,3-Dimethylol-4,5-Dihydroxyethyleneurea

Modification of spruce wood by UV-crosslinked PEG hydrogels inside wood cell walls

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