Woodland dynamics and use during the Bronze Age: New evidence from Irish archaeological charcoal

Abstract

Swathes of roads and pipelines cut through the Irish landscape during the ‘Celtic Tiger’ years (approximately 1994–2008) leading to an unprecedented number of archaeological excavations and creating a unique opportunity for extensive research of past landscapes on a broad scale. The vast quantities of bulk soil samples suddenly available necessitated the development and adaptation of new methodologies. Despite the huge volumes of these samples, of which charcoal is the most ubiquitous ecofact, to date charcoal analysis has been considerably under-utilised in the study of past Irish woodlands. This research presents one of the largest Bronze Age archaeological charcoal datasets in Europe. It provides new palaeoecological evidence contributing to the understanding of woodland cover transformation on the island of Ireland during the late-Holocene period. The most common taxa identified in the charcoal assemblage compare well with regional pollen diagrams, particularly the use of Quercus and Corylus. With intensifying human activity during the middle Bronze Age, the proportion of Maloideae, a light demanding family rose. This is the first clear evidence of anthropogenic influence during the middle Bronze Age in Ireland derived from archaeological charcoal. The size of the charcoal dataset makes it possible to evaluate woodland cover and resourcing from two perspectives – both archaeological and palaeoecological.

Mid‐ to Late Holocene landscape dynamics and rural settlement in the uplands of northern Bavaria, Germany

“…The role of the species of the Maloideae group in charcoal material has been a matter of debate for a long time. Among others, four theories have been proposed: (1) the use of cultivated fruits such as apple or pear (Schroedter et al, 2011), (2) the creation and use of hedges (Kreuz, 1990, 1992), (3) natural occurrence, for example, hawthorn (O'Donnell, 2017), and (4) their increased occurrence as successional indicators after clearing (O'Donnell, 2017; Salavert & Dufraisse, 2014). Both hawthorn and the wild types of apple and pear still occur in the study area today.…”

Quantitative studies on charcoalification: Physical and chemical changes of charring wood

“…For example, archaeological charcoal remains from the Middle Pleistocene of Homo erectus (such as at Zhoukoudian) reveal vast amounts of charcoal that have pushed the history of fire use back to ∼0.5 million years ago in China [17] , [18] . In samples dating from the Late Pleistocene, when charcoal became a common component of archaeological sites, charcoal sampling has frequently been used to identify species in studies of anthropological wood utilization strategies, vegetation history, and paleoclimatic events [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] . In summary, charcoal is now extensively used in paleontological, paleoenvironmental, and paleoanthropological studies [ [1] , [2] , [3] , 4 , 7 ].…”