Word characteristics, associative-relatedness, and the free-recall of nouns

Frincke, Gerald

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(68)80017-9

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…When the effects of the other variables are partialled out, the influence of meaningfulness on free recall disappears. This is consistent with Frincke's (1968) correlational study and Paivio and Smythe's (1971) experimental study. Although considerably weakened, concreteness remains mildly associated with recall.…”

Section: Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Although considerably weakened, concreteness remains mildly associated with recall. This result is consistent with Richardson's (1975aRichardson's ( , 1975b results, but not with Frincke's (1968). Finally, with the other variables controlled, frequency is found to remain positively correlated with free recall and the magnitude of the correlation is similar to the partial correlation of imagery with free recall.…”

Section: Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 82%

“…(1968). The correlations between the recall measure and each of imagery, concreteness, and meaningfulness agree well with Frincke (1968) and Paivio (1968). All three studies have found recall to be most highly correlated with imagery, next highest with concreteness, and least with meaningfulness.…”

Section: Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 65%

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Measures of free recall of 900 English nouns: Correlations with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, and frequency

et al. 1978

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Forty groups of subjects were given six lists of 25 nouns each for immediate free written recall. A measure of free recall was thereby obtained for each of 900 nouns in the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms, each noun's measure based on the recall of 32 subjects. First-order correlations showed recall to be correlated with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, Thorndike-Lorge frequency, and Kucera-Francis frequency. Partial correlations showed meaningfulness to be essentially unrelated to recall and concreteness only moderately related. In contrast to previous comparisons, which were based on smaller ranges of frequency and were more susceptible to list-specific effects, imagery and frequency were found to be approximately equal in their influence on free recall.Presented with this report are measures of free recall for 900 of the 925 English nouns in the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms. Several considerations led us to obtain these measures. The first was the general issue of which particular attributes of words affect free recall. It is well established in the Paivio et al. data that attributes suspected to influence recall are themselves correlated. Thus, if a relationship between a variable and recall performance is observed, it is important to establish that the effect is not due to contamination by other variables. Considerable effort has been spent along these lines and the influence of rated imagery on free recall seems firmly established (Postman, 1975). However, there are some recent complications with this picture (Richardson 1975a(Richardson , 1975b, and the roles of rated meaningfulness and frequency remain ambiguous. A second consideration was the issue of which variable has the greater influence on recall. Since Paivio's (l971) review there has been an increased acceptance of the view that rated imagery is more influential than meaningfulness and frequency. However, in contrast to the weight of evidence implicating the effect of rated imagery on free recall, the claim that imagery is more influential than frequency and meaningfulness is based on very few studies.Two more immediate concerns compelled the collection of these measures. The first was the outcome of an experiment by Warren (1977), who examined the effect of a pursuit-rotor task on recall by subjectsThe authors thank Patti Craig, Rena Dreskin, and Paige Highfield, who not only helped collect data, but also contributed to the research at other stages. We also thank M. Frank Evarts for his help with the unpublished study described in the introduction. Requests for reprints should be sent to Keith Clayton, 134 Wesley Hall, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240. engaged in recall and tracking concurrently. In two experiments Warren found that the recall-eoncurrent task interfered with picture recall but not word recall. This is consistent with the view that a concurrent tracking task interferes with, or suppresses, imagery during recall. If this is so, and if the superior recall of con...

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Section: Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 82%

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Measures of free recall of 900 English nouns: Correlations with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, and frequency

et al. 1978

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“…A pesquisa sobre falsas memórias mostra que listas de palavras mais abstratas produzem mais falsas memórias do que listas de palavras mais concretas (PerezMata, Read & Diges, 2002). Frincke (1968) encontrou que, no paradigma da recuperação, observa-se maior tendência a agrupar itens concretos do que abstratos. Paivio (1976) evidenciou que o efeito da concretude mostrou-se mais pronunciado na recuperação do que no reconhecimento.…”

Section: G a Janczura E Colsunclassified

Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua portuguesa

Janczura

Castilho

Rocha

et al. 2007

Psic.: Teor. e Pesq.

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representava os níveis altamente abstrato ou concreto, respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram uma distribuição bi-modal sugerindo que as palavras podem ser classificadas nas categorias concreta ou abstrata. A confiabilidade média das normas foi r=0,97. Não foram detectadas influências do sexo, idade, freqüência de ocorrência das palavras em materiais escritos ou tamanho da categoria nos julgamentos de concretude. Os resultados sugerem que a concretude pode ser considerada como um atributo independente das palavras.Palavras-chave: concretude; normas para palavras; imagem mental. Concreteness Norms for 909 Portuguese WordsABSTRACT -Concreteness norms were collected for 909 words using a seven point judgment scale, where each extremity highly represented the abstract or concrete levels, respectively. Results showed a bi-modal distribution suggesting that words may be classified either as concrete or abstract. The average reliability of the norms was r=0.97. Concreteness judgments were not influenced by sex, age, word written frequency or category size. The results indicate that concreteness may be considered as an independent word attribute.

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“…Values for goodness and emotionality are not available and recall is the dependent variable in question. Because imagery appears to be a better predictor of recall than concreteness (Christian et al, 1978;Frincke, 1968;Paivio, 1968;Rubin, 1980), imagery will replace concreteness in the analyses, In addition, meaningfulness will be included because of its theoretical relation to associative frequency.…”

Section: Experiments 1: a Regression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Associative asymmetry, availability, and retrieval

Rubin

1983

Memory & Cognition

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Associative frequency, the ease with which a word comes to mind in free association, is taken as a measure of general response availability. As expected from this view, in both controlled experiments and in reanalyses of previously published correlational data, high associative frequency words were judged to be more familiar and were easier to recall but harder to recognize than low associative frequency words, even with meaningfulnees, imagery, length in letters, and frequency excluded as factors. When used as follll in a recognition experiment, high associative frequency words attracted more responaes than low aaeocietive frequency words. In addition, associative frequency and meaningfulness correlated only moderately and had different patterns of correlations with other variables, suggesting that the number of associationsleading to and from a word differ.

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Word characteristics, associative-relatedness, and the free-recall of nouns

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Measures of free recall of 900 English nouns: Correlations with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, and frequency

Measures of free recall of 900 English nouns: Correlations with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, and frequency

Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua portuguesa

Associative asymmetry, availability, and retrieval

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