Word-Identification Priming for Ignored and Attended Words

Stone, Maria; Ladd, Sandra L.; Vaidya, Chandan J.; Gabrieli, John D. E.

doi:10.1006/ccog.1998.0326

Cited by 35 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Priming is often thought to be independent of attention (Jacoby et al, 1993). However, there is, in fact, strong evidence that priming is enhanced by stimulus-specific attention at encoding (Richardson-Klavehn and Bjork, 1988;Mulligan and Stone, 1998;Richardson-Klavehn and Gardiner, 1998;Stone et al, 1998Stone et al, , 2000. Furthermore, some priming-related oscillatory modulations at encoding reported by Düzel et al (2005), particularly increased ␣ synchrony across word-identification areas, commenced just before stimulus onset, suggesting that prestimulus attentional state influences the coordination of responding in the word-identification hierarchy and consistent with evidence concerning attentional modulation of oscillatory synchrony (von Stein et al, 2000;Engel et al, 2001;Fries et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Related to Priming and Explicit Memory

Schott¹,

Richardson‐Klavehn²,

Henson³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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Priming is a facilitation of cognitive processing with stimulus repetition that can occur without explicit memory. Whereas the functional neuroanatomy of perceptual priming at retrieval is established, encoding processes that initiate priming and explicit memory have not yet been anatomically separated, and we investigated them using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Activations predicting later explicit memory occurred in the bilateral medial temporal lobe (MTL) and left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Activity predicting later priming did not occur in these areas, but rather in the bilateral extrastriate cortex, left fusiform gyrus, and bilateral inferior PFC, areas linked with stimulus identification. Surprisingly, these regions showed response reductions. Our results demonstrate that priming and explicit memory have distinct functional neuroanatomies at encoding, with MTL activations being specific for explicit memory, and suggest that priming is initiated by sharpness of neural responding in stimulus identification areas, consistent with recent electrophysiological evidence regarding priming-related neural oscillations at encoding. We tentatively suggest that this sharpened responding at encoding may set the stage for increased neural processing efficiency at retrieval, with these different neural mechanisms both leading to observed priming-related hemodynamic decreases, and argue that neural measurements at encoding, and not just at retrieval, will be critical in resolving the debate about the neural mechanisms of learning that underlie priming.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Related to Priming and Explicit Memory

Schott¹,

Richardson‐Klavehn²,

Henson³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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“…They suggested that perceptual implicit memory depends only on lexical access. However, recent studies suggest that while lexical access is necessary for later perceptual implicit memory, it might not be sufficient; other controlled processing must occur (Mulligan & Hornstein, 2000;Stone, Ladd, Vaidya, & Gabrieli, 1998). Masson and MacLeod (1992) presented a related, but somewhat broader, view in which controlled processing at encoding can be roughly split into two phases: interpretive processing and elaborative processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual implicit memory relies on intentional, load-sensitive processing at encoding

Crabb

Dark

2003

Memory & Cognition

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“…Both repetition suppression (i.e., reduced fMRI responses due to stimulus repetition) and behavioral priming have been suggested to occur without attention to or awareness of the stimuli during the initial exposure phase (Parkin et al, 1990;Szymanski and MacLeod, 1996;Stone et al, 1998). Recent evidence has challenged this view, however, and suggests that repetition suppression is modulated by task demands (Ishai et al, 2004;Yi et al, 2004;Henson and Mouchlianitis, 2007); see also Jenkins et al (2005).…”

Section: Priming Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective learning modulates spatial competition during low-load attentional conditions

2008

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It has been hypothesized that the amygdala mediates the processing advantage of emotional items. In the present study, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how fear conditioning affected the visual processing of task-irrelevant faces. We hypothesized that faces previously paired with shock (threat faces) would more effectively vie for processing resources during conditions involving spatial competition. To investigate this question, following conditioning, participants performed a letter-detection task on an array of letters that was superimposed on taskirrelevant faces. 7 Attentional resources were manipulated by having participants perform an easy or a difficult search task. Our findings revealed that threat fearful faces evoked stronger responses in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus relative to safe fearful faces during low-load attentional conditions, but not during high-load conditions. Consistent with the increased processing of shockpaired stimuli during the low-load condition, such stimuli exhibited increased behavioral priming and fMRI repetition effects relative to unpaired faces during a subsequent implicit-memory task. Overall, our results suggest a competition model in which affective significance signals from the amygdala may constitute a key modulatory factor determining the neural fate of visual stimuli. In addition, it appears that such competitive advantage is only evident when sufficient processing resources are available to process the affective stimulus. Keywords attention; emotion; fear conditioning; facial expressions; fMRI A popular view of visual processing suggests that multiple items compete for limited processing resources (Desimone and Duncan, 1995;Kastner and Ungerleider, 2000). Such competition can be biased by both bottom-up and top-down factors, such as stimulus salience and selective attention, respectively. Whereas directed attention to a stimulus facilitates its processing, both perception and the underlying neural responses of objects outside of the focus of attention are attenuated when attentional resources are consumed (Rees et al., 1997). At the same time, the perception of emotion-laden visual stimuli, such as facial expressions and emotional scenes, is thought to be prioritized, and to proceed under some conditions of inattention (Pessoa, 2005;Vuilleumier, 2005). In attempting to understand whether emotional perception depends on attention, investigators often focus on the amygdala, a subcortical structure that is believed to be important for the processing of biologically relevant stimuliCorresponding author: Luiz Pessoa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10 th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, Email: lpessoa@indiana.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resultin...

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Word-Identification Priming for Ignored and Attended Words

Cited by 35 publications

References 67 publications

Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Related to Priming and Explicit Memory

Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Related to Priming and Explicit Memory

Perceptual implicit memory relies on intentional, load-sensitive processing at encoding

Affective learning modulates spatial competition during low-load attentional conditions

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