Working memory and reward association learning impairments in obesity

Coppin, Géraldine; Nolan-Poupart, Sarah; Jones‐Gotman, Marilyn; Small, Dana M.

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.004

Cited by 155 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…More generally, reward consumption does not necessarily reflect the hedonic experience. Studies conducted on humans (Epstein et al, 2004;Fay & Finlayson, 2011) confirmed that non-homeostatic eating does not always correlate with the food's hedonic properties and that people who overeat do not systematically prefer stimuli associated with highly palatable food (Coppin, Nolan-Poupart, Jones-Gotman, & Small, 2014).…”

Section: Limits Of the Aversive State Reduction Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 95%

Is comfort food really comforting? Mechanisms underlying stress-induced eating

Pool

Delplanque

Coppin

et al. 2015

Food Research International

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Overeating behaviors are nowadays a worldwide issue, and cumulative evidence shows that stress induces excessive pursuit of highly palatable food. However, the role of stress in this phenomenon remains poorly understood. The classic interpretation is that excessive eating is an attempt to reduce the aversive feeling associated with the stress response through the hedonic properties of highly palatable food. In this review, we propose an alternative hypothesis based on theoretical models developed in the framework of reward processing. We review recent literature on animal and human studies suggesting that stress reduces hedonic pleasure during highly palatable food consumption and increases the control that the habitual and Pavlovian systems exert on food-seeking behaviors over the control exerted by the goal-directed system. From this literature, we propose that (a) stress amplifies automatic attentional orienting toward stimuli associated with palatable food (i.e., Pavlovian stimuli), rendering them more likely to be perceived; and (b) once perceived, these stimuli trigger stress-amplified motivational bursts and the control that the habitual system exerts on food-seeking behaviors. We hypothesize that stress-induced eating is driven by habits and Pavlovian motivational bursts, independent of hedonic pleasure or even of the goal of reducing the stress-related aversive state. Thus, if a stressed person encounters an environmental stimulus associated with highly palatable food, this may trigger excessive pursuit of highly palatable food, whether or not the food elicits liking during its consumption.

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Section: Limits Of the Aversive State Reduction Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 95%

Is comfort food really comforting? Mechanisms underlying stress-induced eating

Pool

Delplanque

Coppin

et al. 2015

Food Research International

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“…In this task, three cues were respectively associated with a 10%, 50% or 90% possibility of receiving food. Obese individuals preferred the cue associated with a 10% possibility of receiving food ( [20], Experiment 1). This result might be explained by a difficulty of learning to avoid negative outcomes in obese individuals [39], as this result was not specific to food reward but also replicated with monetary reward ( [20]; Experiment 2).…”

Section: Amygdala and Cue-induced Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation

Coppin

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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• The amygdala and hippocampus play a major role in food intake and weight regulation.• These functions are far less known to cognitive and affective scientists.• This review uniquely expands on the interactions between these two brain structures. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o The anterior medial temporal lobes are one of the most studied parts of the brain. Classically, their two main structures -the amygdalae and the hippocampi -have been linked to key cognitive and affective functions, related in particular to learning and memory. Based on abundant evidence, we will argue for an alternative but complementary point of view: they may also play a major role in food intake and body weight regulation. First, an overview is given of early clinical evidence in this line of thought. Subsequently, empirical evidence is presented on how food intake, including in the extreme case of obesity, may relate to amygdalian and hippocampal functioning. The focus is on the amygdala's role in processing the relevance of food stimuli, cue-induced feeding, and stress-induced eating and on the hippocampus' involvement in the use of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety, as well as memory and inhibitory processes related to food intake. Additionally, an elaboration takes place on possible reciprocal links between food intake, body weight, and amygdala and hippocampus functioning. Finally, issues that seemed particularly critical for future research in the field are discussed.

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“…Although occasional overeating is a common phenomenon in our obesogenic environment, chronic overeating often results in obesity. Recent theory suggests that, rather than hyper-or hyposensitivity to food rewards, obesity may be related to impaired outcome-based learning [12][13][14] . Impaired reward and punishment learning may maintain overeating in obesity by leading to compulsive over-selection of actions directed at food rewards and/or decreased sensitivity to negative consequences associated with overeating, such as an uncomfortably full feeling or long-term health risks.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Impaired reward and punishment learning may maintain overeating in obesity by leading to compulsive over-selection of actions directed at food rewards and/or decreased sensitivity to negative consequences associated with overeating, such as an uncomfortably full feeling or long-term health risks. Studies investigating cue-reward learning in relation to obesity have provided some evidence for impaired learning from positive 15,16 as well as from negative outcomes 13,14 . Others have hypothesized that obesity is accompanied by learning impairments that generalize across outcomes 12 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Greater mindful eating practice is associated with better reversal learning

Janssen¹,

Duif²,

Loon³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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1Mindfulness-based interventions are thought to reduce compulsive behavior such as overeating by promoting behavioral flexibility. Here the main aim was to provide support for mindfulness-mediated improvements in reversal learning, a direct measure of behavioral flexibility. We investigated whether an 8-week mindful eating intervention improved outcome-based reversal learning relative to an educational cooking (i.e., active control) intervention in a non-clinical population. Sixty-five healthy participants with a wide BMI range (19-35 kg/m 2 ), who were motivated to change their eating habits, performed a deterministic reversal learning task that enabled the investigation of reward-and punishment-based reversal learning at baseline and following the intervention. No group differences in reversal learning were observed. However, time invested in the mindful eating, but not the educational cooking intervention correlated positively with changes in reversal learning, in a manner independent of outcome valence. These findings suggest that greater amount of mindfulness practice can lead to increased behavioral flexibility, which, in turn, might help overcome compulsive eating in clinical populations.Mindfulness has been associated with a multitude of beneficial health outcomes 1,2 and improvements in cognition 3 in clinical as well as non-clinical populations. Mindfulness is defined as paying attention to present moment experience, purposefully and non-judgmentally 4 . Shapiro and colleagues 5 have proposed that practicing mindfulness may lead to reperceiving, or deautomization, and suggest that one direct mechanism of action underlying the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions may be increased cognitive, emotional and behavioral flexibility. Some studies have indeed shown a mindfulness-mediated increase in the ability to inhibit automatic responses, as measured with classic or emotional Stroop tasks [6][7][8] , which has been interpreted as evidence for increased cognitive flexibility. However, studies investigating cognitive flexibility with paradigms that require attention switching have not shown effects of mindfulness 9,10 . No studies to date have investigated the effects of mindfulness on reward-based flexibility such as reversal learning.Reversal learning requires the ability to flexibly adapt one's behavior in response to outcome-contingency changes in the environment and is highly relevant in the context of compulsive behavior such as addiction 11 or overeating (i.e., consuming more energy than is expended). Although occasional overeating is a common phenomenon in our obesogenic environment, chronic overeating often results in obesity. Recent theory suggests that, rather than hyper-or hyposensitivity to food rewards, obesity may be related to impaired outcome-based learning [12][13][14] . Impaired reward and punishment learning may maintain overeating in obesity by leading to compulsive over-selection of actions directed at food rewards and/or decreased sensitivity to negative consequences a...

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Working memory and reward association learning impairments in obesity

Cited by 155 publications

References 56 publications

Is comfort food really comforting? Mechanisms underlying stress-induced eating

Is comfort food really comforting? Mechanisms underlying stress-induced eating

The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation

Greater mindful eating practice is associated with better reversal learning

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