“…Part of this discourse is the understanding of language as a gateway to intercultural understanding; this discourse is specifically related to foreign language learning. In the context of working life, the conditions of which have largely shifted from production-based jobs to a globalised economy involving various types of knowledge work including immaterial, entrepreneurial, digital, collaborative, and knowledge-focused skills (Iedema & Scheeres, 2003;Nissi et al, 2023), language is seen as a symbolic resource (Duchêne & Heller, 2012;Heller, 2003). As a resource in globalised economy, language becomes a marketable commodity, the use of which determines one's productivity for example in the way and extent of phone calls taken, words translated, products and services sold, or successful interactions carried out with tourists (see Chun, 2016;Duchêne & Heller, 2012, p. 326;Heller et al, 2017).…”