Workspace Evaluation and Design: USAF Drawing Board Manikins and the Development of Cockpit Geometry Design Guides

Kennedy, Kenneth W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1098-3_26

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, few solutions have been proposed to predict joint centers using easily measurable external characteristics as inputs. The geometric model in Snyder et al (1972) has been widely used (Kennedy 1982;Choi et al, 2007;Reed et al, 1999). It provides twelve regression equations for the norm and direction of the vectors joining skin markers, located on six palpated spinous processes, to six spinal joint centers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of spinal joint centers from external back profile and anatomical landmarks

Nérot

Skalli

Wang

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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Defining a subject-specific model of the human body is required for motion analysis in many fields, such as in ergonomics and clinical applications. However, locating internal joint centers from external characteristics of the body still remains a challenging issue, in particular for the spine. Current methods mostly require a set of rarely accessible (3D back or trunk surface) or operator dependent inputs (large number of palpated landmarks and landmarks-based anthropometrics). Therefore, there is a need to provide an alternative way to estimate joint centers only using a limited number of easily palpable landmarks and the external back profile. Two methods were proposed to predict the spinal joint centers: one using only 6 anatomical landmarks (ALs) (2 PSIS, T8, C7, IJ and PX) and one using both 6 ALs and the external back profile. Regressions were established using the X-ray based 3D reconstructions of 80 subjects and evaluated on 13 additional subjects of variable anthropometry. The predicted location of joint centers showed an average error 9.7 mm (±5.0) in the sagittal plane for all joints when using the external back profile. Similar results were obtained without using the external back profile, 9.5 mm (±5.0). Compared to other existing methods, the proposed methods offered a more accurate prediction with a smaller number of palpated points. Additional methods have to be developed for considering postures other than standing, such as a sitting position.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of spinal joint centers from external back profile and anatomical landmarks

Nérot

Skalli

Wang

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…Manikins developed by the US Air Force which closely approximate 5th and 95th percentile females and males (Kennedy, 1982) were selected for use in designing workstations because they are based on up-to-date data and are well-documented. These manikins were digitised as three segments for each of the extremities, one for the torso and one for the head and neck (Armstrong et al, 1986).…”

Section: Anthropometric Manikinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 depicts a worker lifting a metal blank off the top of a stack. Workstation drawings including both a large male and a small female were drawn to demonstrate the effect of workstation design for a population with varied anthropomettles (Kennedy, 1982;Armstrong et al, 1986). The manikins were chosen to represent the small and large size extremities in the working population.…”

Section: Applied Ergonomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of computer aided drafting for analysis and control of posture in manual work

1990

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Computer aided design (CAD) in conjunction with digitised anthropometric manikins can be used for analysis and control of stressful work postures, one of the most frequently cited occupational risk factors of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. This paper describes the use of macros for manipulating manikins and workstation components and for designing the workplace. AutoCAD, a popular computer aided design software package, was used to demonstrate the feasibility of these concepts. Specifically, macros are used for drawing work equipment using parametric designs, manipulating manikins and analysing jobs. In comparing the macros to the use of primitive CAD commands, the macros not only decrease the amount of time needed to create workstation components, but they also make the task easier for the user and decrease the risk of errors. Despite the limitation of anthropometric data and manikins, CAD is an effective method for identifying postural stresses and redesigning the workstation to control the identified stresses.

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“…While these current guidelines provided some useful recommendations, additional considerations of the special conditions encountered in low-seam mining were required. Consequently, drawing board 1/4 inch scale manikins (Kennedy, 1980) were manipulated in scale diagrams of a workspace so as to delineate the necessary ranges of motion for a seat in several representative workspace heights (i.e., 55.8 cm (22 in. ), 83.8 cm (33 in.…”

Section: Length Widthmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Anthropometrically Adjustable Seat for Low Seam Mining Applications

Hartley

Cooksey

Kwitowski

1982

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting

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Low seam underground coal mines require use of heavy machinery having interior cab heights that may be lower than 33 inches. Current mining machines typically provide operators with nonadjustable seats consisting of heavy metal slabs or, in many cases, provide no seat at all. However, the limited workspace height forces the operator to control his machine from a reclined or supine position that requires special support. The problem may be exacerbated by the presence of a canopy that may further reduce t h e workspace height by several inches or more. While some Air Force research has examined low-profile seating anthropometry, the special ruggedness and low-level technology of the mining environment imposes unique design requirements not addressed by t h e Air Force research. This paper describes the development of a special anthropometrically adjustable seat that can provide comfortable body and head support in mining machines having very low workspace heights. Anthropometric analyses using published data and % inch scale drawing board manikins were used to establish design parameters for a medium fidelity adjustable seat mockup. Formal evaluation of the mockup confirmed, and in some cases altered, seat design parameters. The final seat design integrates refinements from the evaluation results and solutions to the adjustment problems.

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Workspace Evaluation and Design: USAF Drawing Board Manikins and the Development of Cockpit Geometry Design Guides

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Estimation of spinal joint centers from external back profile and anatomical landmarks

Estimation of spinal joint centers from external back profile and anatomical landmarks

Use of computer aided drafting for analysis and control of posture in manual work

An Anthropometrically Adjustable Seat for Low Seam Mining Applications

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