World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated

Kottek, M.; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, Franz

doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130

Cited by 9,502 publications

(5,877 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The Tagus River divide the country into two regions of approximately the same area but with different topography and two sub types of temperate (group C) climate. In accordance with Köppen-Geiger's climate classification (Kottek et al, 2006;Peel et al, 2007;Rubel and Kottek, 2010), the two subtypes of Mediterranean climate in Portugal are: Csb (dry and warm summer) in the north part of the country; and, Csa (dry and hot summer) in the south (Fig. 1c).…”

Section: Study Areasupporting

confidence: 69%

Negligent and intentional fires in Portugal: Spatial distribution characterization

Parente

Pereira

Amraoui

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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In the European context, Portugal is the country with the highest number of wildfires and the second with more burnt area. The vast majority of these events are of human origin, whether caused by accident, negligence or arson, reason why it is particularly important to know the regime of these wildfires for forest and wildfire management activities. The study focuses on the most recent years of 2001-2014, when wildfire ignition's coordinates are known, and aims to identify and characterize the wildfire incidence spatial patterns of variability as well as their main drivers. After grouping wildfires with human cause into negligent and intentional, we studied their spatial distribution in terms of normalized number of wildfires (NNF) and burnt area (NBA) in the five Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics II regions of mainland Portugal. Results disclose an uneven spatial distribution of the fire incidence, characterized by a south-north gradient, much higher values in Norte region and more evident for intentional than for negligent wildfires. Human and biophysical drivers strongly influence NNF and NBA, at regional and national scales. Distribution patterns at regional scale, for negligent and intentional wildfires are quite different from entire mainland and all wildfires. Drivers' influence is higher for intentional than for negligent wildfires, for southern than for northern regions and for NBA than for NNF. The leading drivers of NNF are distance to roads (d) population density (pd) and altitude (h) while of NBA are h, d, slope and pd, and this influence is higher for intentional than for negligent wildfires.

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Section: Study Areasupporting

confidence: 69%

Negligent and intentional fires in Portugal: Spatial distribution characterization

Parente

Pereira

Amraoui

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The results are presented for the different combinations of observed soil moisture and precipitation datasets at 0.25°, for the analysis using observations at 1° based on CMORPH data, and for the 6 atmospheric models. The climate zones were taken from the Köppen-Geiger classes, as computed by Kottek et al [2006], and merged into 6 classes, depicted in Figure S12. The preference for rain over drier soil is a robust feature of all combinations of observational datasets in the savanna, semi-arid and arid zones (Table S3).…”

Section: Analysis Of Results By Climatic Region and Continentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils

Taylor

Jeu

Guichard

et al. 2012

Nature

539

520

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(2012), Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils, Nature, 489(7416), 423-426 (10.1038/nature11377) Land surface properties influence the partition of radiative energy between latent and sensible heat fluxes during daytime. A climatically important process during dry periods is the impact of soil water deficit on limiting evapotranspiration, leading to increased surface heating of the lower atmosphere 1-2 . Soil moisture can influence the development of convective storms through modification of low level atmospheric temperature and humidity 1,3 , which in turn feeds back on soil moisture. There is considerable uncertainty in how soil moisture affects convective storms across the world, due to both a lack of observational evidence and uncertainty in large-scale models 4 . Here we present the first global-scale observational analysis of the coupling between soil moisture and precipitation. This shows that across all six continents studied, afternoon rain falls preferentially over soils which are relatively dry compared to the surrounding area. The signal emerges most clearly in the observations over semi-arid regions, where surface fluxes are sensitive to soil moisture and convective events are frequent. We find no evidence in our analysis of a positive feedback i.e. preference for rain over wetter soils, at the 50-100 km scale studied. In contrast, our analysis of six state-of-the-art global weather and climate models demonstrates the dominance of a positive feedback of soil moisture on simulated precipitation. These results suggest a fundamental weakness in the sensitivity of convection to the land surface in large-scale models, which may contribute to excessive simulated droughts.Soil moisture influences precipitation on a range of time and space scales 5 . In drought-affected continental regions, weak evapo-transpiration leads to reduced atmospheric moisture content over a period of days, potentially suppressing subsequent precipitation 6 . When soil moisture anomalies are extensive, surface-induced perturbations to the atmospheric heat budget may modify synoptic scale circulations 2 , in turn affecting moisture advection from the oceans 7 . On smaller scales, the development of convective clouds and precipitation can be influenced by local surface fluxes over the course of the day 1,3 . Theoretical considerations [8][9] suggest that, in an undisturbed atmosphere, the likelihood and sign of a surface feedback will be determined by the atmospheric profiles of temperature and humidity. Thus one might expect regional variations in the strength and sign of convective sensitivity to soil moisture [10][11] . Mesoscale soil moisture variability can also influence the feedback via the development of daytime circulations 12 , which provide additional convergence to trigger convection [13][14] .There have been a number of studies examining the impact of the land surface on observed rainfall in different regions of the world. Analyses in Illinois 15 and West Africa 16 have indicated positive correlations between ...

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“…Ac cord ing to the cli mate sub di vision of Köppen, such val ues of the mean an nual tem per a ture are within C-type cli mates. This is a very warm and hu mid sub trop i cal cli mate of the Cfa-Cwa sub group (Kottek et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Pollen morphotype edmundi and its significance for palaeoclimate reconstructions of the Neogene

Słodkowska

Ziembinska-Tworzydlo

2017

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2 Uni ver sity of War saw, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Po land S³odkowska, B., Ziembiñska-Tworzyd³o, M., 2017. Pol len morphotype edmundi and its sig nif i cance for palaeoclimate re construc tions of the Neo gene. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 61 (2): 267-275, doi: 10.7306/gq.1344Pol len anal y sis has re vealed the pres ence of the edmundi morphotype in the Paleogene and Neo gene sed i ments of Cen tral Eu rope. Its spe cies, char ac ter ized by dif fer ent morphologies, are mainly as signed to two fam i lies of ex tant plants -the Araliaceae and the Mastixiaceae -and com pared to pol len of some gen era (Diplopanax and Mastixia from the Mastixiaceae, and Aralia, Fatsia and Schefflera from the Araliaceae). The most sig nif i cant ge nus for palaeoclimate re con struc tions is the ex tant Diplopanax, whose seeds, sim i larly as the seeds of other rep re sen ta tives of the Mastixiaceae, ap pear in the warm phases of the Neo gene. The type spe cies of Edmundipollis (E. edmundi) has been com pared to Diplopanax pol len. Based on sim i lar i ties with ex tant plants, the CA (Co ex is tence Ap proach) was de ter mined. The re sults in di cate a very warm and hu mid sub trop i cal cli mate (Cfa-Cwa) ac cord ing to the Köppen clas si fi ca tion.

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World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated

Cited by 9,502 publications

References 5 publications

Negligent and intentional fires in Portugal: Spatial distribution characterization

Negligent and intentional fires in Portugal: Spatial distribution characterization

Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils

Pollen morphotype edmundi and its significance for palaeoclimate reconstructions of the Neogene

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