World Religions and Human Capital Investment: The Case of Primary Education

Abstract

Using data on 150 countries, this article studies if and how the largest world religions have affected the extent of primary education at the national level over the period 1972-2010. Although primary education has been compulsory in most countries for at least several decades, the regression results suggest that these religions have indeed still been able to exert an influence on this type of education. Specifically, whereas Protestantism and Catholicism had a positive effect on the male primary enrolment rate, Hinduism and Buddhism had a negative effect on the female primary enrolment rate. Islam had a negative effect on both. While the magnitude of the estimated effects is small for boys, it is more substantial for girls, particularly the negative effect of Islam. The estimates are robust to endogeneity of all five religion adherence variables. They are also robust to numerous controls and variations in specification.

Religion, religiosity and educational attainment: evidence from the compulsory education system in England

“…This is in line with previous literature such as Sherkat 6 and Darnell (1999) who argue that 'humanistic' values in the US secular education system conflict with a range of conservative Protestant beliefs and that this may lead to a lack of support amongst fundamentalist parents for their children's educational pursuits. Similar conflicts may also exist for religious pupils in England where the Christian traditions, which are likely to have had lasting impacts upon educational institutions (Feldmann, 2019;Inglehart and Baker, 2000), imply that the conflict would be greatest for non-Christians.…”