Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Strachan, David P.; Sibbald, Bonnie; Weiland, Stephan K.; Aït-Khaled, N; Anabwani, Gabriel; Anderson, H R; Asher, M. Innes; Beasley, Richard; Björkstén, Bengt; Burr, Michael Leslie; Clayton, Tadd; Crane, Julian; Ellwood, Philippa; Keil, Ulrich; Lai, Christopher; Mallol, Javier; Martínez, Fernando D.; Mitchell, Edwin A.; Montefort, Stephen; Pearce, Neil; Robertson, Colin F.; Shah, J. R.; Stewart, Alistair; Mutius, Erika von; Williams, Hywel C

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00156.x

Cited by 554 publications

(437 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Data from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood indicate a prevalence of self-reported allergic rhinitis ranging from 0.8% to 14.9% in 6-to 7-year-olds from different centers. 4 The prevalence in all age groups in other studies has ranged from 3% to 19%, 5 perhaps because of differences in definition or aeroallergen prevalence. Allergic rhinitis and asthma commonly occur in the same person.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: A longitudinal study

Burgess

Walters

Byrnes

et al. 2007

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

206

131

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mentioning

confidence: 94%

Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: A longitudinal study

Burgess

Walters

Byrnes

et al. 2007

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

206

131

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“…a llergic rhinitis (AR) is a common nasal disease and affects 10-40% of children with increasing prevalence (1,2). AR frequently coexists with asthma (most studies report a rate of 50-60%) in children (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Interleukin-31 promotes helper T cell type-2 inflammation in children with allergic rhinitis

et al. 2014

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Background: Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a recently described cytokine that is involved in helper T cell type-2 (Th2)-mediated diseases. However, its regulatory effect in the pathogenesis of children allergic rhinitis (AR) needs to be further characterized. This study sought to evaluate the expression and role of IL-31 in children with AR. Methods: Sixty children with AR and 20 normal controls were included. IL-31 and Th2 cytokines production in tissue, serum, and nasal lavage was examined by immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purified for in vitro regulation experiment of IL-31. Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) were cultured and stimulated by recombinant IL-31. results: The IL-31 mRNA and protein levels in both serum and nasal lavage were significantly enhanced in AR compared with normal controls, especially in children with asthma. The nasal IL-31 was associated with enhanced local Th2 cytokines and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression. In vitro study showed that IL-31 promotes Th2 cytokines expression and MUC5AC upregulation and thus amplified Th2 inflammation. conclusion: Our results demonstrate that IL-31 expression in AR aggravated and amplified Th2 inflammation as well as mucin production, and provide a possible explanation for IL-31's regulatory role in the pathogenesis of AR. a llergic rhinitis (AR) is a common nasal disease and affects 10-40% of children with increasing prevalence (1,2). AR frequently coexists with asthma (most studies report a rate of 50-60%) in children (3). The major histological features of AR include helper T cell type-2 (Th2) inflammation accompanied by infiltration with eosinophils, allergen-specific IgE production, and thickening of the basement membrane (4,5). Activation of Th2 cells and further released cytokines induced accumulation of inflammatory cells, such as B cells, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils, which contributed to the occurrence of AR (6). Despite involvement of Th2 inflammation in AR was clearly clarified, its regulation was not fully understood.Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a newly discovered four-helix bundle cytokine and expressed by several types of cells under both normal and disease state, such as activated CD4 + T cells, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells and so on (7). The receptor of IL-31 consists of IL-31 receptor A (IL-31RA) and the oncostatin M receptor that is constitutively expressed on epithelial cells (8). The role of IL-31 in allergic diseases mainly focused on atopic dermatitis. Stephan et al. reported elevated IL-31 expression in atopic dermatitis (9). UIrike et al. found a correlation of Th2 cytokines with increased level of IL-31 in children with extrinsic atopic dermatitis (10). However, studies on respiratory allergic diseases are relatively few. Recently, Lei et al. (11) reported that high IL-31 level in asthmatic subjects, suggesting that IL-31 ...

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“…[13][14][15][16] The questionnaire also asked about gender, grade, the number of older siblings, shortest distance of residence from one of the six major roads, smoking in the household, and maternal history of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. The six major roads included an expressway, the Meishin Expressway, two national highways, Route 423 and Route 479, and three major Osaka Prefectural roads, the Osaka Central Loop, the OsakaTakatsuki-Kyoto Line, and the Ibaragi-Settsu Line, defined as having maximal daytime traffic volume of 20,000 vehicles or more per 12 hours.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Distance from Major Roads and Adolescent Health in Japan.

Miyake

Yura

Iki

2002

Journal of Epidemiology

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A relationship between distance from major roads and the prevalence of allergic disorders and general symptoms among junior high school students was assessed, separating the effects of distance of residence and school from the roads. Study subjects were 5,652 students aged 12 to 15 years. This study used diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. The questionnaire also asked about symptoms of headache, stomachache, tiredness, and cough and the shortest distance from residence to major roads. Distance from school to the nearest major road was measured on a map. Adjustment was made for gender, grade, the number of older siblings, smoking in the household, and maternal history of allergy. A shorter distance between residence and major roads was associated with an increased prevalence of headache, stomachache, tiredness, and cough. There was a marginally significant positive association between residence facing major roads and the prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Residence within 100 m of major roads showed a tendency for a positive relationship with the prevalence of wheeze and atopic dermatitis. There was no apparent relationship between distance of school from major roads and allergic disorders or the general symptoms. The findings suggest that proximity of residence, not school, to major roads may be associated with an increased prevalence of allergic disorders, headache, stomachache, and tiredness among Japanese adolescents. Further investigations with more precise and detailed exposure and health outcome measurements are needed to corroborate the relationship between traffic related factors and allergic disorders and general symptoms. Another study in Germany reported an association between the maximum traffic counts in the school districts and childhood respiratory symptoms. A small increase in odds ratio was observed for respiratory infections and the prevalence of wheezing in this study, while there were no differences in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever. 7 A British case-control study showed a significant positive association between road traffic and risk of hospital admission for asthma in children younger than 5 years of age.8However the association was not found in a case-control study of UK children aged 5-14 years. 9 A study in East and West Germany found a significant positive association between residence closer than 50 m from a busy road and the prevalence of atopic eczema. 10In Japan, the prevalence of general symptoms such as headache and tiredness has been increasing among schoolchildren.11 It is hypothesized that changes in the living environment and disordered diet and life style may be responsible for the increase of these symptoms.12 To our knowledge, no studies have examined the effect of road traffic on such symptoms.Schoolchildren spend much of their time at or near their home and school addresses. We assessed the relationship between the distance from major roads and the prevalence of allergic disorders and general symptoms in ...

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Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Abstract: These results suggest substantial worldwide variations in the prevalence and labelling of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis which require further study. These differences, if real, may offer important clues to environmental influences on allergy.

Cited by 554 publications

References 13 publications

Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: A longitudinal study

Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: A longitudinal study

Interleukin-31 promotes helper T cell type-2 inflammation in children with allergic rhinitis

Relationship between Distance from Major Roads and Adolescent Health in Japan.

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