Wound Healing and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: From Inflammation to Repair

Abstract

Wound healing is an evolutionarily conserved process that is essential for species survival. Wound healing involves a series of biochemical and cellular events that are tightly controlled, divided into 3 concomitant and overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Poor wound healing or a chronic wound represents a silent epidemic that affects billions of people worldwide. Considering the involvement of immune cells in its resolution, recent studies are focused on investigating the roles of immune nutrients such as amino acids, minerals, and fatty acids on wound healing. Among the fatty acids, much attention has been given to omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids since they can modulate cell migration and proliferation, phagocytic capacity, and production of inflammatory mediators. The present review summarizes current knowledge about the role of ω-6 fatty acids in the wound healing context.

The impact of puffball autolysis on selected chemical and biological properties: Puffball extracts as potential ingredients of skin-care products

“…In a previous study, several mushroom specieswere tested for the presence of α-, β-and γ-tocopherols, and only α-tocopherol was found in two puffball species (Lycoperdon perlatum and L. molle), while most of the other tested mushrooms contained higher levels of β-tocopherol [21].Autolysis leads to higher availability of extractable ergosterol, which is associated with cell membranes,although much higher contents of both ergosterol and α-tocopherol were reported for the methanol extract of the mature fruiting bodies of H. utriformis [4]. Higher amounts of total free fatty acids were also reported earlier for the extracts of the mature fruiting bodies of H. excipuliformis and V. pratense [7], especially in the case of V. pratense (HEM=9.64 mg/g; VPM=20.27 mg/g).Linoleic acid, which was found to be important in wound healing and skin regeneration processes [25], was the most abundant component of the free fatty acid fraction in HEM and VPM as well, and autolysis led to its synthesis or/and higher availability. Another unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, which was shown to have similar properties [26], was also found in higher concentration in the extracts of mature fruiting bodies.…”

Super Critical Fluid Extracted Fatty Acids from Withania somnifera Seeds Repair Psoriasis-Like Skin Lesions and Attenuate Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) Release

“…Most of the fatty acids nurture the skin tissue by helping to restore the skin's natural barrier function and induce skin repair [59]. Such skin nurturing activities of palmtic acid [60] and oleic acid [33,61] have been well documented. Based on the chemical analysis of WSSO, its therapeutic potential against psoriasis was explored.…”

Wound healing grafts: Omega‐3 fatty acid lipid content differentiates the lipid profiles of acellular Atlantic cod skin from traditional dermal substitutes

“…As there were no significant differences between the treated cells and the control (Figure S4), the enhanced wound closure in the HaCat cell monolayer can be attributed to both enhanced response and migration rate following lipid extract treatment. Multiple studies have shown the beneficial effects of PUFAs in wound healing assays (Alexander & Supp, ; Lee et al, ; Silva et al, ); however, their mechanism of action is dependent upon the precise composition of lipid mediator precursors (Gorjao et al, ). This work represents a foundation to elucidate the biological mechanisms that underlie the effects of acellular fish skin treatment on wound healing.…”