Wound healing properties and antimicrobial activity of platelet-derived biomaterials

Abstract

We analyzed the potential antibacterial effects of two different PdB against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The third-degree burn wound healing effects of PdB was also studied. Blood samples were obtained from 10 healthy volunteers and biological assays of the PdB were performed and the antimicrobial activity against MRSA and P. aeruginosa was determined using disk diffusion (DD), broth microdilution (BMD), and time-kill assay methods. 48 Wistar albino rats were burned and infected with MRSA. Two groups were injected PdB, the control groups were treated with plasma and received no treatment respectively. In the next step, the rats were euthanized and skin biopsies were collected and histopathologic changes were examined. The results of DD and BMD showed that both PdB performed very well on MRSA, whereas P. aeruginosa was only inhibited by F-PdB and was less susceptible than MRSA to PdBs. The time-kill assay also showed that F-PdB has an antibacterial effect at 4 hours for two strains. Histopathological studies showed that the treated groups had less inflammatory cells and necrotic tissues. Our data suggest that PdB may possess a clinical utility as a novel topical antimicrobial and wound healing agent for infected burn wounds. Among the traumatic injuries, burns are the main factor of mortality that causes structural and functional deficiencies in numerous organ systems. So today, despite many advances in infection control and wound healing, burn wound infection causes 60% of deaths in burned patients and 300,000 deaths worldwide each year 1,2. Burns damage skin integrity and weaken cellular and humoral immunity. Necrotic tissues also reduce the presence of immune cells in the burned area and facilitate the penetration of pathogens into the underlying tissues and promote their spreading 3,4. Burn wounds are highly susceptible to infection due to the issues mentioned above. Therefore, as the burn sites are colonized with microorganism the burn wound invasive infections such as sepsis may occur. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among gram-positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) among gram-negative bacteria are predominant pathogens in burn wound infection 5,6. S. aureus invades eschar, penetrates subcutaneous and unburned tissues and may create abscesses with different sizes. These abscesses protect S. aureus against host immunity and antibiotics and provide the conditions for entry of this bacterium into the bloodstream 7. The subsequent development and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against S. aureus resulted in the emergence of gram-negative organisms, particularly P. aeruginosa, as the predominant organisms causing invasive burn wound infections in burn patients 8,9. It is worth noting that, the intrinsic and acquired properties such as efflux pumps and reduction of the permeability of the outer membrane proteins have created a high-level antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa, which has limited the use of antibiotics like fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, and carba...

Topically Applied Bacteriophage to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infected Wound in a Rat Model

“…When pathogens enter the lymphatic and blood vessels, sepsis develops [11], and sometimes, it leads to death. Wound infection, especially nosocomial infections, has a high mortality rate, affecting numerous people around the world each year [12]. As a result of increasing the expansion of disease correlated with MDR-KP bacteria, the riskiness of the burden has aggravated, and the hunt for alternatives to antibiotics is ongoing [13].…”

“…Therefore, the use of phage therapy to inhibit the growth of Klebsiella strains was applied [18,19]. Phages attack and kill bacteria via different mechanisms within their natural life cycles without interfering with human and mammalian cells [11,12]. To complete the lytic cycle, the phage must be adhered to a susceptible bacterial cell to infect its host.…”

Antimicrobial Effects of Equine Platelet Lysate

“…We acknowledge this as a limitation of the growth curve assay, which provides valuable information about bacterial growth dynamics but does not differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. Published data would suggest that plateletderived products generally exhibit a strong antimicrobial effect characterized by an initial transient bactericidal effect, without complete elimination fully signifying an overall bacteriostatic effect (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). This is relevant to future clinical applications of PL as it could inform the development of a dosing regimen: a single application may have a limited effect, but administering fresh PL at repeated follow-up time intervals could be more effective at eliminating all bacteria.…”

<p>Bacteriophages, a New Therapeutic Solution for Inhibiting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Wound Infection: Lesson from Animal Models and Clinical Trials</p>

“…1,6,7 Wound infection, frequent types of nosocomial infections, affects many people around the world each year and has a high mortality rate. 3,8 In healthy and immunocompetent individuals, the immune system naturally plays a protective role against infectious agents, but in the event of an immunodeficiency, various microbial pathogens will damage the underlying tissues, spread throughout the body, resulting in disruption of different organs and even death. 9 Wound infection is often caused by the entry of bacterial pathogens through the other parts of the body or the environment into the skin gaps, and depending on the type of pathogen, adjacent tissues may also be involved.…”