Wound repair: a showcase for cell plasticity and migration

Abstract

A skin wound requires several cell lineages to exhibit considerable plasticity as they migrate towards and over the site of damage to contribute to repair. The keratinocytes that re-epithelialize the tissue, the dermal fibroblasts and potentially other mesenchymal stem cell populations that repopulate damaged connective tissue, the immune cells that counter infections, and endothelial cells that re-establish blood supply and facilitate the immune response -all of these cells are "dynamic" in that they are activated by immediate wound cues, they reprogram to adopt cell behaviours essential for repair including migration, and finally they must resolve. In adult tissues, repair is unique in its requirement for dramatic cell changes and movements otherwise associated only with development and disease.

Neuronal Protein 3.1 Deficiency Leads to Reduced Cutaneous Scar Collagen Deposition and Tensile Strength due to Impaired Transforming Growth Factor-β1 to -β3 Translation

“…41 As part of our in vitro characterization effort, we performed functional studies using MFs and HFs. These showed that P311 stimulated smooth muscle actin production, increased proliferation, promoted migration, and increased contractility of both MFs and HFs, all consistent with induction of the activated state 49 and the transition to myofibroblasts. 50 In addition, P311 had an antiapoptotic effect in both cell types.…”

Low Level Energy Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Processes and Regeneration

“…During wound healing process, the portion of collagen increases with time, and by two weeks their fibers dominate the ECM. Phagocytic cells slightly disappear and the granulation tissue is progressively constituted by a denser and less vascularized tissue, located right under the regenerated epidermis [59]. Collagen degradation initiates early and is more active during inflammatory process.…”

“…The cells proliferation phase happens over the 5th to 14th days and initiates the repair process of both dermis and epidermis [59]. It is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue, which is a combination of cell elements, including fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and endothelial components of ECM, such as fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen.…”

“…Lymphocytes appear in the wound in approximately 7 days and their roles are not fully defined, although lymphokines produced by these cells influence macrophages. In addition to these cells and chemical mediators, the inflammatory phase also counts on the important role of fibronectin, which is synthesized by a variety of cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, working as an adhesive to strengthen the fibrin clot, the cells, and extracellular matrix components [59].…”

P75 neurotrophin receptor activates epidermal stem cell differentiation via ERK, JNK and AKT pathways

“…The dysfunction of skin homeostasis usually result in dire consequences, involving acute, chronic inflammation or infected wounds [3,4]. And skin wound healing is an intrinsic self-saving chain reaction, which is crucial to facilitate the replacement of damaged or lost tissues.…”