Wounding Effects of Small Fragments of Different Shapes at Different Velocities on Soft Tissues of Dogs

(iii) Military limb injuries/ballistic fractures

“…The fracture pattern is commonly simple in this instance, as opposed to the multi-fragmentory type from direct injury. 2,9 The degree contamination of indirect fractures has also been found to be far less, in vitro, than for direct fractures. 9…”

Common Misconceptions and Controversies Regarding Ballistics and Gunshot Wounds

“…It has even been postulated that damage can become proportional to even higher powers of velocity when the missile's velocity exceeds the speed of sound in tissue (4760 feet/second) 23,126,134 However, this has been refuted in a more recent experiment. 55 Although the important role of velocity is supported by many studies, 24,39,97,98,104,121,122,133,137,143,152 simply using this formula to predict expected wound damage and therefore one's surgical treatment plan is a serious pitfall.…”

“…61,76,78,96,97 However, while the pressure of this wave reaches 100 to 200 atm, 62 one study showed noted little if any damage, 98 leading some to advocate "sonic pressure wave" as more a appropriate term. 10,30,31,33,66,99,100 …”

The effects of explosion on the musculoskeletal system

“…Hence, the zone of injured, contaminated tissue may be far greater than the permanent wound track formed by the projectile itself. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] //blrnas3/cenpro/ApplicationFiles/Journals/SAGE/3B2/TRAJ/Vol00000/130008/APPFile/SG-TRAJ130008.3d (TRA) [PREPRINTER stage] a stable bullet will lead to a greater transfer of kinetic energy to the surrounding tissues along its course, thereby causing greater damage (Liu et al, 1988). Muscle and skin have high elastic potentials and can therefore tolerate higher kinetic forces than less elastic tissues such as the liver (Ryan et al, 1997).…”