Writing Information into DNA

Arita, Masanori

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24635-0_2

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…As far as the literature for watermarking of genetic data is concerned, much work has been done on the data of artificial organisms with dummy strands as compared with living organisms' data . In , Clelland et al proposed a scheme that hides synthetic DNA sequence in English alphabets during encoding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In , Leier et al designed a steganographic scheme by hiding DNA dummy strand into a message sequence, and a receiver can extract the original sequence with the help of a key that is another DNA strand. In , Arita et al produced a watermarking method, whereby a watermark is embedded in the redundant code or amino acids based on synonyms. In all these techniques, a major drawback is that if mutations take place in the DNA sequences with the passage of time, the watermark stored in the DNA sequences is lost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey on reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases

Iftikhar

Kamran

Anwar

2015

Security Comm Networks

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Over the past few years, reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases have been proposed to provide protection of ownership rights, data tempering, and data integrity. Mainly, these techniques ensure original data recovery from watermarked data, whereas irreversible watermarking schemes only protect ownership rights. This characteristic of reversible watermarking has emerged as a candidate solution for the protection of ownership rights of data, intolerable to modifications such as medical data, genetic data, credit card, and bank account data. The main objective of this paper is to make an extensive survey of the state-of-the-art in reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases to reflect recent research progress and to point out the key issues for future research. In order to analyze these techniques, a classification has been performed on the basis of (i) the extent of modifications introduced by the watermarking scheme in the underlying data and (ii) the robustness of the embedded watermark against malicious attacks.Reversible watermarking techniques [10,11,26] provide security for trial versions of database applications. The original full version of the database application can be recovered from the decoded database subsequently, dependent on whether the user purchases the license of the database application. For example, database applications providing this facility are IBM DB2 [27] and Oracle [28]. High-capacity watermarkingReversible watermarking techniques provide a mechanism to utilize the available bandwidth for maximum water-Security Comm. Networks (2015) A survey on reversible watermarking techniques for RDB mark robustness by minimizing distortions in the data and increasing watermark capacity [29,30]. With high watermark capacity, less distortion is introduced in the underlying data. High-capacity watermarking is required in critical databases such as those pertaining to military and health care domains. Original data recoveryReversible watermarking techniques provide high-quality datasets (without any alterations) for data mining and other information extraction processes [10,11,30,31]. In some relational database applications such as electronic medical records systems, data mining is used to extract patient data for decision making. As increasing amount of medical data is made available by practitioners and health care providers for conversion into digital format, cases of fraud [32] and data privacy breach crop up at an alarming rate [33]. Thus, in such shared environments, ownership and digital rights are required to be protected from illegal use by malicious users.Security Comm. Networks (2015) Ã 1 - ( 13) where (b(i; n, p) = nkp i (1p) n-i ).Security Comm. Networks (2015) Distortion-based reversible watermarking techniques introduce less distortion in the underlying data and are highly robust against malicious attacks. Distortion-free fragile watermarking techniques introduce zero distortion in the underlying data and are not robust against malicious attacks. ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey on reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases

Iftikhar

Kamran

Anwar

2015

Security Comm Networks

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“…The way data encoded DNA strands will be stored largely depends on the purpose of the data system, nonetheless, there are some general methods. DNA can be stored on a solid support, where one end of the double stranded DNA is immobilized, which reduces the risk of unwanted aggregation of strands 65 . Instead of a solid approach, a solution approach is also possible.…”

Section: Storing Of Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding information into polymers

et al. 2018

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Polymers show great potential as a durable and high density alternative for data storage and for this purpose the natural polymer DNA has already attracted much interest from researchers. A DNA based storage system, which makes use of the four nucleotides to store binary codes, is more durable and can store information with a much higher density than conventional storage systems. Synthetic polymers have properties that make them even more suitable for data storage, at least in principle, if complete control over their composition, i.e. monomer sequence can be obtained. This review addresses the current status of data storage in DNA, proteins, and synthetic polymers, with the objective to overcome the problems of the current data storage technology. Written records are crucial for our understanding of past civilizations. They are so important, that we commonly define "history" as the study of the past as it is described in written documents, and refer to earlier events as "prehistory". The main reason why we know so much about certain past civilizations is that they used durable media to store their writings and art. Thus we learned about old civilizations in Mesopotamia through 5,300-year-old clay tablets from Uruk that have been preserved until today, we learned about the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200-1050 BC) from China through inscriptions on oracle bones, and about the Olmec civilization in Mexico through the Cascajal Block, a stone slab with 3,000-year-old writing made of serpentinite 1. Digital data has completely changed the way we write, use, and access information nowadays and we live in what is commonly referred to as the 'digital world.' It is expected that the need for digital information will continue to grow, reaching the level of 44 trillion gigabytes in 2020 2-5. However, current data storage suffers from digital obsolescence: although the bits and bytes of the digital world are eternal, at least in principle, the storage devices are not. They deteriorate over time, usually within a few decades. For instance, memory cards and chips are maintainable for circa 10 years, while standard hard drives are susceptible to magnetic fields, high temperatures, and mechanical failures 6-8. The decay of the storage media results in data loss, which is currently prevented by a constant shuffling of data between different devices and facilities. Due to the explosion of digital data, there is a constant need to migrate to new technologies that do not always support the old technologies 9. Hence much of the information that we have stored on floppy disks, tapes, CD-ROMS, spinning hard drives and flash memory will soon be lost forever. And the challenges do not stop here. Current storage technologies require significant space and enormous amounts of energy 10. The world data centers currently consume annually ca. 420

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“…This measure was also used in [47] to search optimal codes for DNA computing using the shuffle operation on DNA strands. A similar measure was defined in [6,7] extending the work of [45] and was applied to codes of length k whose words can be concatenated in arbitrary ways. Thus, the tube language here was L = K + .…”

Section: X[d K]: If U and V Are Any Codewords Inmentioning

confidence: 99%