X-DR (Drug Resistant) typhoid fever in children.

Abstract

Objectives: To study antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi in children with enteric fever. Study Design: Prospective, Consecutive sampling. Setting: Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Faisalabad. Period: 6 Months June 2019 to November 2019. Material & Methods: All admitted children of age 1-16 years with strong clinical suspicion of typhoid fever and with no comorbidities were included in this study. Blood cultures and other relevant investigations were performed to rule out other causes of fever. After identification of organism as Salmonella typhi, antibiotics susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion technique and zones of inhibition were interpreted according to clinical and Lab standard (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Out of 60 patients maximum children were < 5 year and >10 year of age. Maximum cases were admitted during July to September. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. We were able to send blood cultures of 31 cases (51%) only. Out of them 14 cases (45%) were found culture positive. All culture positive (100%) were found sensitive to meropenem. 92.8% were found sensitive to azithromycin and 7.1% were found sensitive to amikacin. Overall 16 cases treated with meropenem, 10 cases (16%) with azithromycin and one with amikacin. However, 33 cases (55%) responded to ceftriaxone alone. Conclusion: Sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi revealed significant proportion of multidrug and extensive drug resistant strain. So, continue surveillance is needed in this regard to find actual burden of XDR typhoid fever. We recommend local district administration and health authorities to launch an awareness campaign regarding sanitation, good hygiene, use of safe of water and mass vaccination of children with conjugated vaccine against typhoid. Alongwith above measures antibiotic stewardship should be started.

Abdominal Ultrasonographic Findings in the Typhoid Fever in Pediatric Patients

“…We discovered 33 cases (66%) of the patient gathering had stomach torment this outcome come in concurrence with [15] who discovered stomach torment in (68%) of patients. Then again, these outcomes came conversely with [16] who discovered stomach torment in (19%) of their cases.…”

“…This outcome came in concurrence with[13] who revealed cerebral pain in (32%) of cases. these outcomes came interestingly with[14] who discovered cerebral pain in (58%) of their cases.We discovered 33 cases (66%) of the patient gathering had stomach torment this outcome come in concurrence with[15] who discovered stomach torment in (68%) of patients. Then again, these outcomes came conversely with[16] who discovered stomach torment in (19%) of their cases.We discovered 18 cases (36%) of patients had looseness of the bowels, this outcome came in concurrence with[17] who discovered the runs in (37%) of his cases, the outcome came interestingly with(16)…”

Current Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella Species in Children Presenting at a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…Another interesting finding was the high sensitivity of salmonella for piperacillin/tazobactam, though it is not a traditionally used antibiotic for enteric fever. Other researchers have also reported sensitivity of small proportion of salmonella with amikacin and/or gentamicin 15,16 .…”

“…Carbapenems were still found to be 100% sensitive to salmonella species and azithromycin in 99% in our study population. Another study from Karachi performed in 2021 reveals 15% resistance to azithromycin and carbapenems [15][16][17][18] . It would be alarming if the resistance to these drugs increases.…”

Antimicrobial sensitivity of salmonella typhi in children- A single center study.

“…3 This fact necessitates monitoring the trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella typhi. 4,5 This study was carried out to document current sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi in our set up. The antimicrobials tested in this study included Azithromycin, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Colistin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Polymixin and Tigecycline.…”