X-ray Detection using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Bulling, Anthony F.; Underwood, Ian

doi:10.1109/sensors43011.2019.8956558

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Beyond visible spectrum, research showed the capability of SPADs to detect accelerated electrons in the energy from 5 to 30 keV, which passing through the detector transfer electron flux to the electrons in the depleted region via inelastic scattering, generating carriers (impact ionization) that ultimately cause avalanche breakdown [143]. In addition, experiments have been investigating SPAD detection of X-rays with 3D-stacked BSI SPAD image sensor for SPC and time-resolved imaging [144].…”

Section: Radiation Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

et al. 2022

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The ability to detect single photons is becoming an enabling key capability in an increasing number of fields. Indeed, its scope is not limited to applications that specifically rely on single photons, such as quantum imaging, but extends to applications where a low signal is overwhelmed by background light, such as laser ranging, or in which faint excitation light is required not to damage the sample or harm the patient. In the last decades, SPADs gained popularity with respect to other single-photon detectors thanks to their small size, possibility to be integrated in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processes, room temperature operability, low power supply and, above all, the possibility to be fast gated (to time filter the incoming signal) and to precisely timestamp the detected photons. The development of large digital arrays that integrates the detectors and circuits has allowed the implementation of complex functionality on-chip, tailoring the detectors to suit the need of specific applications. This review proposes a complete overview of silicon SPADs characteristics and applications. In the previous Part I, starting with the working principle, simulation models and required frontend, the paper moves to the most common parameters adopted in literature for characterizing SPAD performance and describes single pixels applications and their performance. In this Part II, the focus is posed on the development of SPAD arrays, presenting some of the most notable examples found in literature. The actual exploitation of these designs in real applications (e.g., automotive, bioimaging and radiation detectors) is then discussed.

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Section: Radiation Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reported X-ray irradiator generates X-rays with peak photon energies from 30 to 120 keV, which cause proportional average per pixel counts, with no permanent damage or increase in dark count events after exposure [143].…”

Section: Radiation Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

et al. 2022

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“…Previous research has demonstrated the capability of CMOS SPAD arrays in the detection of ionizing radiation [1][2][3]. Ionizing radiation, with or without mass, incident upon an SPAD depletion region produces electron-hole pairs, and coupled with Geiger operation, the induced electric field and large inherent gain, will generate impact ionization and subsequent avalanche breakdown, therefore resulting in the detection of incident ionizing radiation using SPADs [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pion Detection Using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Bulling,

Underwood

2023

Sensors

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We present the first reported use of a CMOS-compatible single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array for the detection of high-energy charged particles, specifically pions, using the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The results confirm the detection of incident high-energy pions at 120 GeV, minimally ionizing, which complements the variety of ionizing radiation that can be detected with CMOS SPADs.

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“…However, dSiPMs are gaining more and more interest in Time-Of-Flight (TOF) PET, promising an improved coincidence time resolution, increased timestamp granularity and direct on-chip processing. Usage of 3D-stacked SPADs as detectors in X-rays radiation environments has also been recently documented [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Perspectives, State of art and Research Trends of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes and Their Applications (Part 1: Single Pixels)

et al. 2022

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The ability to detect single photons is becoming an enabling key capability in an increasing number of fields. Indeed, its scope is not limited to applications that specifically rely on single photons, such as quantum imaging, but extends to applications where a low signal is overwhelmed by background light, such as laser ranging, or in which faint excitation light is required not to damage the sample or harm the patient. In the last decades, SPADs gained popularity with respect to other single-photon detectors thanks to their small size, possibility to be integrated in Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor processes, room temperature operability, low power supply and, above all, the possibility to be fast gated (to time filter the incoming signal) and to precisely timestamp the detected photons. The development of large digital arrays that integrates the detectors and circuits has allowed the implementation of complex functionality on-chip, tailoring the detectors to suit the need of specific applications. This review proposes a complete overview of silicon SPADs characteristics and applications. In this Part I, starting with the working principle, simulation models and required frontend, the paper moves to the most common parameters adopted in literature for characterizing SPADs, and describes single pixels applications and their performance. In the next Part II, the focus is then posed on the development of SPAD arrays, presenting some of the most notable examples found in literature. The actual exploitation of these designs in real applications (e.g., automotive, bioimaging and radiation detectors) is then discussed.

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X-ray Detection using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

Pion Detection Using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Historical Perspectives, State of art and Research Trends of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes and Their Applications (Part 1: Single Pixels)

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