X-ray Diffraction of Cotton Treated with Neutralized Vegetable Oil-based Macromolecular Crosslinkers

Abstract

Maleinized soybean oil (MSO) has been investigated as a flexible, macromolecular crosslinker for cotton fabrics. The ability of MSO to penetrate crystalline cellulose and crosslink aligned cellulose chains upon cure has been in question. This study compares the penetration capability of MSO to dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), which is the commercial standard for durable press finishing and is an efficient cellulose crosslinker. X-ray diffraction was employed to characterize changes in the crystalline morphology upon heating un-mercerized cotton fabrics treated with aqueous DMDHEU and soybean oil derivatives. Displacement of characteristic interplanar spacings and the genesis/elimination of diffraction intensities from quintessential planes were evidence of structural modification. The penetration of ammonia neutralized MSO (acid value 230.00 mg KOH/g) into the microstructure of cotton cellulose is similar to that of DMDHEU in terms of expanding the interplanar spacings of characteristic planes. Moreover, polymorphism of cotton and mercerized cotton occurred upon treatment with aqueous solutions of MSO. These findings suggest that macromolecular reagents can diffuse into cellulose fibrils if they are sufficiently hydrated or enshrouded by more favored penetrants.

Integrating high electrical conductivity and photocatalytic activity in cotton fabric by cationizing for enriched coating of negatively charged graphene oxide

“…7(a)-(d). The SCF displayed a sharp peak at 2Â = 22.5 • , along with other smaller peaks at 2Â = 14.7 • , 2Â = 16.5 • and 2Â = 34.3 • which is characteristics of cellulose I structure (Ford, Mendon, Thames, & Rawlins, 2010). It is important to note that no significant change can be observed in the crystalline form of the SCF after modification by BSA, GO and rGO.…”

Properties of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from soybean hulls by reactive extrusion

“…Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of the samples, and the crystallinity index (CI) is shown in Table 3. Raw soybean hulls (SH) had a CI of 33% (Table 3), with peaks at 2θ = 20.6 and 34.7º (Figure 3), which are characteristic of native cellulose or cellulose type I (Ford, Mendon, Thames & Rawlins, 2010). Flauzino Neto et al (2013) observed similar characteristics while studying soybean hulls for the production of cellulose nanocrystals, they reported a predominance of the cellulose type I in raw soybean hulls and a CI of 26.3%.…”

Spectroscopic Analysis of Cotton Treated with Neutralized Maleinized Soybean Oil

“…Yang et al [13,14] observed that macromonomers are unable to penetrate the microstructure of cellulose as well as small molecules. However, Ford et al [15] observed that NMSO (156 mg KOH/g) penetrated the amorphous domains of cellulose by the study of X-ray diffraction. Ammonia neutralization enhanced the accessibility of reaction sites upon curing [15], and anhydrides are given the opportunity to react with cellulose hydroxyl groups.…”

“…However, Ford et al [15] observed that NMSO (156 mg KOH/g) penetrated the amorphous domains of cellulose by the study of X-ray diffraction. Ammonia neutralization enhanced the accessibility of reaction sites upon curing [15], and anhydrides are given the opportunity to react with cellulose hydroxyl groups. Ekman et al [16] reported the use of liquid ammonia to increase the accessibility of cellulose hydroxyls groups for reaction with the reagent.…”