X-ray diffraction patterns of graphite and turbostratic carbon

Li, Z.Q.; Lü, Chunxiang; Xia, Z.P.; Zhou, Y.; Luo, Zhenyue

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.038

Cited by 1,390 publications

(776 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…3C show a strong [002] peak at 26.5°for the pristine graphite, corresponding to a layer-tolayer d-spacing of 0.34 nm, with all other peaks attributable to the expected three-dimensional diffraction lines from hexagonal graphite (h-graphite) (26). The large shift of the [002] peak from 26.5°to 11.5°(corresponding to an interlayer distance change from 0.34 nm to 0.77 nm), along with the significant intensity decrease for all the peaks, seen in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edge-carboxylated graphene nanosheets via ball milling

Jeon

Shin

Sohn

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

626

420

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Low-cost, high-yield production of graphene nanosheets (GNs) is essential for practical applications. We have achieved high yield of edge-selectively carboxylated graphite (ECG) by a simple ball milling of pristine graphite in the presence of dry ice. The resultant ECG is highly dispersable in various solvents to self-exfoliate into single-and few-layer (≤5 layers) GNs. These stable ECG (or GN) dispersions have been used for solution processing, coupled with thermal decarboxylation, to produce large-area GN films for many potential applications ranging from electronic materials to chemical catalysts. The electrical conductivity of a thermally decarboxylated ECG film was found to be as high as 1214 S∕cm, which is superior to its GO counterparts. Ball milling can thus provide simple, but efficient and versatile, and eco-friendly (CO 2 -capturing) approaches to low-cost mass production of high-quality GNs for applications where GOs have been exploited and beyond.carbon dioxide | eco-friendly | edge-functionalization | graphite A s a building block for carbon nanomaterials of all other dimensionalities, such as 0D buckyball, 1D nanotubes, and 3D graphite, graphene nanosheets (GNs) with carbon atoms densely packed in a 2D honeycomb crystal lattice have recently attracted tremendous interest for various potential applications (1). Several techniques, including the peel-off by Scotch tape (2), epitaxial growth on SiC (3), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (4, 5), and solution exfoliation of graphite oxide (GO) (6), have been reported for producing GNs. Although the Scotch tape method led to the Nobel-Prize-winning discovery of high quality GNs (2), it is unsuitable for large-area preparation of GN films due to technique difficulties. On the other hand, large-area thin GN films up to 30 in. have been prepared by CVD (7). However, the CVD process involves extremely careful fabrication processes, which appears to be too tedious and too expensive for mass production. The widely reported solution exfoliation of graphite into GO, followed by solution reduction (8-10), allows the mass production of GNs via an all-solution process. Due to strong interactions between the hexagonally sp 2 -bonded carbon layers in graphite, however, the solution exfoliation requires the involvement of hazardous strong oxidizing reagents (e.g., HNO 3 , KMnO 4 , and/or H 2 SO 4 ) and a tedious multistep process (8,9,11,12). Such a corrosive chemical oxidation often causes severe damage to the carbon basal plane to introduce a large number of chemical and topological defects (13). As a result, postexfoliation reduction of GO into reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is essential in order to restore the graphitic basal plane for the resultant GNs (6,[14][15][16][17][18][19]. To make the matter worse, the reduction reaction also involves hazardous reducing reagents (e.g., hydrazine, NaBH 4 ) with a limited reduction conversion (approximately 70%) (20). The reduced GO (rGO) still contains considerable oxygenated groups and structural defects, and thus additional...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edge-carboxylated graphene nanosheets via ball milling

Jeon

Shin

Sohn

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

626

420

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“…The broad shoulder appearing at c.a. 40 o may be attributed to the (10) and (101) graphitic planes of the remaining CDs [27]. In Figure 2 The optical properties of Silica/F127-CDs were studied by means of UV-Vis ( Figure 4) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful entrapment of carbon dots within flexible free-standing transparent mesoporous organic-inorganic silica hybrid films for photonic applications

Vassilakopoulou

Georgakilas

Vainos

et al. 2017

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids

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The effective entrapment of Carbon dots (CDs) into a polymer-silica hybrid matrix, formed as free standing transparent flexible films, is presented. CDs of 3 nm mean size with strong photoluminescence are embedded into a silica matrix during the sol-gel procedure, using tetraethylorthosilicate and F127 triblock copolymer as the structure directing agent under acidic conditions. The final hybrid nanostructure forms free standing transparent films that show high flexibility and long term stable CDs luminescence indicating the protective character of the hybrid matrix. It is crucial that the photoluminescence of the hybrid's CDs is not seriously affected after thermal treatment at 550 0 C for 30min. Moreover, the herein reported hybrid is demonstrated to be suitable for the fabrication of advanced photonic structures using soft lithography process due to its low shrinkage and distortion upon drying.

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“…However, deeper interpretation could be misleading because the CNTs do not present a 3D crystalline structure. Indeed, many groups already investigated disordered carbons by XRD [75][76][77]. They found that turbostratic carbon, which exhibits the same stacked graphene layers with a regular spacing as in graphite but different degree of stacking order, already shows a significantly different XRD pattern compared to hexagonal graphite.…”

Section: Powder X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the structure and chemical properties of some commercial carbon nanostructures

Tessonnier

Rosenthal

Hansen

et al. 2009

Carbon

316

256

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For many years the scientific community has believed in a promising future for carbon nanotubes for various applications in such diverse fields as polymer reinforcement, adsorption, catalysis, electronics and medicine. Industrial production of carbon nanotubes and -fibers and the subsequent availability and decrease of price, have rendered this vision feasible. In the last years, several carbon nanomaterial products have been marketed by major chemical companies. In this work, we present an extensive characterization of a representative set of commercially available carbon nanomaterials. Special focus has been put on their quality, i.e. presence of metal or carbonaceous impurities but also homogeneity and structural integrity. The observations are of importance for subsequent use in catalysis where the presence of impurities or defects in the nanostructure can dramatically modify the activity of the catalytic material..

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X-ray diffraction patterns of graphite and turbostratic carbon

Cited by 1,390 publications

References 20 publications

Edge-carboxylated graphene nanosheets via ball milling

Edge-carboxylated graphene nanosheets via ball milling

Successful entrapment of carbon dots within flexible free-standing transparent mesoporous organic-inorganic silica hybrid films for photonic applications

Analysis of the structure and chemical properties of some commercial carbon nanostructures

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