X-ray diffraction study of a semiconductor/electrolyte interface:

In situ X-ray analysis of solid/electrolyte interfaces: electrodeposition of Cu and Co on Si(111):H and GaAs(001) and corrosion of Cu3Au(111)

“…GaAs(0 0 1) was the first electrode surface of a semiconductor to be studied in situ by X-rays in contact with an electrolyte (under potential control) [17]. At anodic potentials, the corrosive process could be in situ observed, rendering the surface increasingly rough, whereas at negative potentials, the roughness of the surface could be slightly decreased, which could be attributed to the process of preferentially etching of the As by the nascent atomic hydrogen [17,18].…”

Activation and hydrogen absorption in thermally prepared RuO2 and IrO2

“…The working electrode could be moved from its lower to its higher position while the electrode potential was kept constant. A cell design similar to this one has been shown elsewhere [21,22].…”

In situ X-ray analysis under controlled potential conditions: An innovative setup and its application to the investigation of ultrathin films electrodeposited on Ag(111)

“…Then, the electrolyte was withdrawn so that only a thin layer of solution covered the electrode. Most of the electrochemical cells proposed for in situ measurements of aqueous systems refer to this original design [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. This means that electrochemistry and X-ray measurements are carried out in two different steps, each of them requiring manual intervention.…”