The Geobacter species evolved respiratory versatility
to utilize a wide range of terminal electron acceptors. To explore
this adaptive mechanism, Fe(III) citrate, hydrous ferric oxide, and
fumarate were selected as electron acceptors, and the methylome and
metabolome of Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA grown
on each electron acceptor were investigated via third-generation,
single-molecule real-time DNA sequencing and gas chromatography/time-of-flight
mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, respectively. Results showed
that the patterns of 4-methylcytosine (m4C) and 6-methyladenine (m6A)
modification, the concentrations of fatty acids (e.g., caprylic acid,
capric acid, and squalene), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes
(e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase)
were all varied in different electron acceptor cultures. Moreover,
genes (e.g., GSU0466 and GSU1467) with low expression levels generally
had high methylation levels. These findings suggest that m4C and m6A
modifications, fatty acids, and antioxidant enzymes all play a role
in the adaptation of G. sulfurreducens to diverse
electron acceptors, and DNA methylation may be involved in the adaptation
mainly via gene expression regulation.