XANES, Raman and XRD study of anthracene-based cokes and saccharose-based chars submitted to high-temperature pyrolysis

Potential Raman parameters to assess the thermal evolution of kerogens from different pyrolysis experiments

“…Kelemen et al [12] and Liu et al [13] proposed a positive linear correlation between the inter-interval of peaks D/G and Ro. Beyssac et al [14,15] and Bernard et al [16] suggested that simple D/G band ratios are not adequate to evaluate the thermal maturity level of geologic carbonaceous materials by changes in Raman spectra. It seems that Raman spectra could be applied to evaluate the thermal maturity of carbonaceous materials, but that different reports have contradictory results and perspectives on the usefulness of different parameters.…”

Mineral-templated growth of natural graphite films

“…This has led to the loss of functional groups and heteroatoms, to aromatization of the carbonaceous phase, and ultimately to the formation of crystalline graphite. The steps involved in this maturation process have been studied in great detail (Bernard et al, 2010;Beyssac et al, 2003a;Beyssac et al, 2002b;Buseck and Huang, 1985;Bustin et al, 1995;Wopenka and Pasteris, 1993). It is generally accepted that graphitization is a continuous process in which the overall degree of structural order of bulk carbonaceous material (CM) -estimated by the average size of sp 2 -bound carbon crystallites -can be directly linked to progressive grades of peak metamorphic temperature.…”

Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of carbon‐based black pigments

“…4) proved to be very similar to graphite as regards to band positions (G*, D1) and eventually showed a lower fluorescence background when single particles were measured, instead [49] to 1620 [44] D1 D A 1g [40,53,56] ; edge effects as oxides or C¼C bonds [37,51] ; in plane defects and heteroatoms [43,45,54,64] ; sp 3 -sp 2 carbon bonds [8] ; volatile compounds, polyenes and ions [33] From 1301 to 1317 (for a NIR/IR excitation [47,51,58] ) to 1390 [49] D2 D′, G2 E′ 2g or E 2g or oxidized sp 2 carbons [37] ; non sandwiched graphene layers [51] ; defects as imperfect graphite or disordered E 2g [33,45,53,64] ; splitting of degenerated E 2g [41] ; E 1u [56] From 1599 [51] to 1635 [15,16,33,37,38,43,45,50,[53][54][55][56][64][65][66][67][68][69] …”