Xanthine oxidase activity exerts pro‐oxidative and pro‐inflammatory effects in serum of silver catfish fed with a diet contaminated with aflatoxin B₁

Abstract

Several studies have associated the involvement of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, a source of uric acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS), to pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects during pathological conditions. Considering this, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether upregulation on seric XO activity may be a pathway involved in the oxidative stress in fish exposed to a diet contaminated with aflatoxin B (AFB ), as well as whether it may be considered a pathway involved in ROS and NOx production. Xanthine oxidase activity, as well as the uric acid, ROS and NOx levels increased in serum of fish fed with a AFB -contaminated diet on days 14 and 21 post-feeding compared to fish fed with a basal diet. Based on these evidences, upregulation of seric XO activity induces pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profiles in serum of fish fed with a AFB -contaminated diet due to excessive formation on uric acid. Also, the excessive uric acid induces the release of pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mediators, as ROS and NOx, also contributing to oxidative and inflammatory profiles. In summary, the upregulation on seric XO activity may be considered a pathway involved in the oxidative stress of fish exposed to a diet contaminated with AFB .

Probing the Interactions of 31 Mycotoxins with Xanthine Oxidase: Alternariol, Alternariol-3-Sulfate, and α-Zearalenol Are Allosteric Inhibitors of the Enzyme

“…Based on these data, it is also reasonable to hypothesize that AOH, AS, and α-ZEL are not able to disrupt the XO-mediated biotransformation of 6mercaptopurine or other drugs (e.g., azathioprine). Considering the previous observations in animal studies [30][31][32][33][34], some mycotoxins may be able to induce the increased expression of XO, which likely have more in vivo relevance than the inhibitory effects noticed in the current study.…”

“…Previous studies demonstrated that aflatoxins and ochratoxins could cause the development of gout in certain animals [30]. AFB1-contaminated diet (for 14 days and 21 days) increased XO activity and uric acid levels in the serum of fish [31]. In rats, chronic exposure to ZEN significantly elevated XO activity in the liver and kidneys [32].…”

Metabolomics as a Promising Resource Identifying Potential Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…In fact, Lai and colleagues have recently reported that levels of AAMU are significantly increased in the serum of active CD compared with inactive CD patients and the control group. During the metabolism of caffeine, xanthine oxidoreductase catalyses paraxanthine to xanthine, which is oxidized in uric acid [100]. Interestingly, Neubauer and colleagues have recently analysed the levels of uric acid in serum of both UC and CD patients, and they reported significantly lower levels only in both active CD and active UC patients compared with control groups.…”

Evaluation of the effect of Dahuang–Mudan decoction on TNBS‐induced colitis using UPLC–QTOF/MS‐based metabolomic analysis

“…During the metabolism of caffeine in purine metabolism, xanthine oxidoreductase catalyzes paraxanthine to xanthine (Baldissera et al, 2018), which is in turn oxidized to uric acid. Uric acid induces the production and release of pro‐oxidants such as reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory mediators such as nitrogen oxide, and inflammatory cytokines, which cause inflammation.…”