Xanthine oxidase inhibition in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the mechanism and potency of allopurinol and febuxostat in COVID-19 management

Pratomo, Irandi Putra; Ariane, Anna; Tedjo, Aryo; Heryanto, Rudi; Paramita, Rafika Indah

doi:10.13181/mji.rev.204641

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In several studies, uric acid may become a prognosis marker of ARDS, which is caused by the buildup of alveolar fluid [71]. In contrast, in several cases, COVID-19 has conditions of normourisemia or hypouricemia.…”

Section: Xanthine Oxidase (Xo) As a Therapeuticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19

Pratomo

Noor

Kusmardi

et al. 2021

International Journal of Inflammation

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Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-κB within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses. These conditions will ultimately sum up a hyperinflammation condition commonly dubbed as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemokines may be reduced by XO inhibitor, as observed in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-infected A549 cells. Our review emphasizes that XO may have an essential role as an anti-inflammation therapy for respiratory viral infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

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Section: Xanthine Oxidase (Xo) As a Therapeuticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19

Pratomo

Noor

Kusmardi

et al. 2021

International Journal of Inflammation

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“…Besides, BBR reduces the severity of OS by inhibiting the xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, which is linked with the generation of ROS in diabetic patients (Pagliaro et al 2015 ). XO is upregulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection and might explain the induction of OS in Covid-19, so inhibition of XO by allopurinol may reduce Covid-19 severity (Pratomo, Ariane et al 2021 ). Therefore, BBR, by blocking XO activity, may reduce OS injury and Covid-19 severity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of berberine in Covid-19: potential adjunct therapy

et al. 2022

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a global diastrophic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 leads to inflammatory, immunological, and oxidative changes, by which SARS-CoV-2 leads to endothelial dysfunction (ED), acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failure (MOF). Despite evidence illustrating that some drugs and vaccines effectively manage and prevent Covid-19, complementary herbal medicines are urgently needed to control this pandemic disease. One of the most used herbal medicines is berberine (BBR), which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immune-regulatory effects; thus, BBR may be a prospective candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review found that BBR has anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects with mitigation of associated inflammatory changes. BBR also reduces the risk of ALI/ARDS in Covid-19 patients by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory signaling pathways. In conclusion, BBR has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. Therefore, it can be utilized as a possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. BBR inhibits the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 and attenuates the associated inflammatory disorders linked by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Indeed, BBR can alleviate ALI/ARDS in patients with severe Covid-19. In this sense, clinical trials and prospective studies are suggested to illustrate the potential role of BBR in treating Covid-19.

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Neutralizing the free radicals could alleviate the disease severity following an infection by positive strand RNA viruses

Pillai

JeanPierre

Mariappan

et al. 2022

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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Free radical release due to oxidative stress is gaining importance in the field of viral pathogenesis. Recent studies suggest the involvement of oxidative stress and ROS levels in regulating disease virulence during RNA virus infection. Most of the RNA virus infections lead to vascular dysfunction and disease severity. However, the biology of free radicals in maintaining vascular endothelium integrity is not completely understood. In the present review, we discuss some of the common features in positive-strand RNA virus infections such as dengue and SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that anti-oxidant therapy could pave the way to develop therapeutic strategies in combating emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12192-022-01269-x.

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Xanthine oxidase inhibition in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the mechanism and potency of allopurinol and febuxostat in COVID-19 management

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19

Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19

The role of berberine in Covid-19: potential adjunct therapy

Neutralizing the free radicals could alleviate the disease severity following an infection by positive strand RNA viruses

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