Xanthomonas perforans: a tomato and pepper pathogen associated with bacterial blight and dieback of Eucalyptus pellita seedlings in Indonesia

Abstract

Leaf and shoot blight, often accompanied by die-back symptoms, on Eucalyptus species, hybrids and clones have been reported from a number of countries. More than one bacterial species has been found to cause these symptoms. In this study, a leaf disease of E. pellita in Indonesia was investigated. The disease was found primarily on nursery plants and young trees that recovered within the first year of growth. Leaf samples were collected from symptomatic trees, and isolations consistently yielded a Xanthomonas sp. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed on 19 of the 61 Xanthomonas isolates obtained. In the MLSA, four genes, namely, dnaK, fyuA, gyrB and rpoD, were sequenced and the isolates were identified as X. perforans. Four representative isolates, at a concentration of 10 6 CFU/ml, were leaf-infiltrated and spray-inoculated on to E. pellita, tomato and pepper seedlings. The type isolate of X. perforans was included in the pathogenicity trials as a positive control. All four isolates of X. perforans, inclusive of the type isolate, induced bacterial spot symptoms on tomato and pepper seedlings. They also caused water-soaked lesions on the leaves of E. pellita seedlings, characteristic of the symptoms observed in the field. This is the first report of X. perforans infecting leaves of a woody host.

A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper

“…X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans has also been associated with bacterial blight and dieback of Eucalyptus pellita seedlings in Indonesia (Bophela et al, 2019 ).…”

Metabolomics Insights into Chemical Convergence in Xanthomonas perforans and Metabolic Changes Following Treatment with the Small Molecule Carvacrol

“…Recent studies have explored the diversity within this species and unique pathotypes present in different geographies [52]. Strains of X. perforans have been recovered from forest tree seedlings, such as Eucalyptus pellita, although recent evaluations showed that they were not pathogenic on tomato or pepper [140]; Jones, J.B., personal communication]. Lesions were found on the leaves of the weed Euphorbia heterophylla after artificial inoculation with X. perforans [114].…”

Microbial Diversity Analysis and Genome Sequencing Identify Xanthomonas perforans as the Pathogen of Bacterial Leaf Canker of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatic)

“…Interestingly, this disease has also been reported to be caused by P. ananatis previously ( Coutinho et al, 2002 ). Inoculation of either X. perforans or P. ananatis resulted in similar diseased symptoms on Eucalyptus leaves ( Bophela et al, 2019 ), suggesting that both of the pathogens can infect the same host plant, although they have not been isolated from the same host sample simultaneously before this study.…”

“…Due to the lack of description of disease symptoms, we could not judge whether the disease symptoms caused by these two pathogens are consistent with the bacterial leaf canker caused by X. perforans strains reported in this study. Nevertheless, X. perforans has been reported to infect Eucalyptus pellita causing bacterial leaf blight and dieback ( Bophela et al, 2019 ), with similar necrosis symptoms to the bacterial leaf canker of water spinach. Interestingly, this disease has also been reported to be caused by P. ananatis previously ( Coutinho et al, 2002 ).…”