XCAMS: The compact 14C accelerator mass spectrometer extended for 10Be and 26Al at GNS Science, New Zealand

Zondervan, Albert; Hauser, T.; Kaiser, Johannes; Kitchen, R.L.; Turnbull, Jocelyn; West, J

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2015.03.013

Cited by 39 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The data reported from 2005 onwards (NZA > 30 000) show a reduction in scatter reflecting the addition of online 12 C measurement in the EN Tandem system in 2005. This allows direct online correction for isotopic fractionation that may occur during sample preparation and in the AMS system (Zondervan et al, 2015) and results in improved long-term repeatability. Fractionation in the AMS system may vary in sign depending on the particular conditions, but incomplete graphitization biases the graphite towards lighter isotopes, which, if undiagnosed, will bias 14 C high.…”

Section: C Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…XCAMS measures all three carbon isotopes, such that the normalization correction is performed using the AMS-measured 13 C values (Zondervan et al, 2015). XCAMS measurements are made on single graphite targets measured to high precision of typically 1.8 ‰ (Turnbull et al, 2015b).…”

Section: C Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until 2005, offline δ 13 C measurements on the evolved CO 2 were used in the normalization correction. In 2005, online 12 C measurement was added to the AMS system, allowing online AMS measurement of the δ 13 C value and accounting for any fractionation during sample preparation and AMS measurement (Zondervan et al, 2015;see also Sect. 3.3).…”

Section: -2005 Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has subsequently been refined (Meijer et al, 1996;Levin et al, 2003) and used to investigate fossil fuel CO 2 additions on various scales (e.g. Turnbull et al, 2009aTurnbull et al, , 2015Djuricin et al, 2010;Miller et al, 2012;Lopez et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014

et al. 2017

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Section: C Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: C Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -2005 Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014

et al. 2017

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“…Single blades of grass were pretreated with acid, combusted to CO 2 gas, and reduced to graphite, and the 14 C content was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) (31,32). NaOH samples were collected by pumping air from an inlet at 2.5 m above ground level through 50 mL 1 M NaOH to absorb CO 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent evaluation of point source fossil fuel CO ₂ emissions to better than 10%

Turnbull

Keller

Norris

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Independent estimates of fossil fuel CO 2 (CO 2 ff) emissions are key to ensuring that emission reductions and regulations are effective and provide needed transparency and trust. Point source emissions are a key target because a small number of power plants represent a large portion of total global emissions. Currently, emission rates are known only from self-reported data. Atmospheric observations have the potential to meet the need for independent evaluation, but useful results from this method have been elusive, due to challenges in distinguishing CO 2 ff emissions from the large and varying CO 2 background and in relating atmospheric observations to emission flux rates with high accuracy. Here we use time-integrated observations of the radiocarbon content of CO 2 ( 14 CO 2 ) to quantify the recently added CO 2 ff mole fraction at surface sites surrounding a point source. We demonstrate that both fast-growing plant material (grass) and CO 2 collected by absorption into sodium hydroxide solution provide excellent time-integrated records of atmospheric 14 CO 2 . These timeintegrated samples allow us to evaluate emissions over a period of days to weeks with only a modest number of measurements. Applying the same time integration in an atmospheric transport model eliminates the need to resolve highly variable short-term turbulence. Together these techniques allow us to independently evaluate point source CO 2 ff emission rates from atmospheric observations with uncertainties of better than 10%. This uncertainty represents an improvement by a factor of 2 over current bottom-up inventory estimates and previous atmospheric observation estimates and allows reliable independent evaluation of emissions.fossil fuel CO 2 | radiocarbon | greenhouse gas emissions | emission verification F ossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO 2 ff) emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric CO 2 mole fraction (1). Of the ∼10 GtC/y of CO 2 ff now emitted globally, the largest 1,000 power plants emit 22% of the total (2). Thus, large power plants are an obvious target for regulating and reducing CO 2 ff emissions. They are already subject to regulation or emission trading schemes in some regions (3, 4), and the Paris Agreement requires transparency in emission reporting (5). The success of such regulations requires the ability to reliably monitor and verify emissions, which is currently achieved through "bottom-up" inventory data, in which CO 2 ff emission estimates are based on self-reported fuel use and carbon content statistics (6). Uncertainties in this method are on the order of 20% for individual power plants (7). Some studies suggest significant errors in emission reporting may already be occurring (8, 9) and under a regulatory environment, there may be incentive for deliberate misreporting. Independent, objective evaluation of emissions is needed to establish trust and ensure that self-reported bottom-up emission rates are unbiased (5, 10, 11). As power plants represent such a large proportion of total emissions, reducing t...

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Paleoseismology of the 2016 M_W 6.1 Petermann earthquake source: Implications for intraplate earthquake behaviour and the geomorphic longevity of bedrock fault scarps in a low strain‐rate cratonic region

King

Quigley

Clark

et al. 2021

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The 20 May 2016 MW 6.1 Petermann earthquake in central Australia generated a 21 km surface rupture with 0.1 to 1 m vertical displacements across a low‐relief landscape. No paleo‐scarps or potentially analogous topographic features are evident in pre‐earthquake Worldview‐1 and Worldview‐2 satellite data. Two excavations across the surface rupture expose near‐surface fault geometry and mixed aeolian‐sheetwash sediment faulted only in the 2016 earthquake. A 10.6 ± 0.4 ka optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age of sheetwash sediment provides a minimum estimate for the period of quiescence prior to 2016 rupture. Seven cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (10Be) bedrock erosion rates are derived for samples < 5 km distance from the surface rupture on the hanging‐wall and foot‐wall, and three from samples 19 to 50 km from the surface rupture. No distinction is found between fault proximal rates (1.3 ± 0.1 to 2.6 ± 0.2 m Myr−1) and distal samples (1.4 ± 0.1 to 2.3 ± 0.2 m Myr−1). The thickness of rock fragments (2–5 cm) coseismically displaced in the Petermann earthquake perturbs the steady‐state bedrock erosion rate by only 1 to 3%, less than the erosion rate uncertainty estimated for each sample (7–12%). Using 10Be erosion rates and scarp height measurements we estimate approximately 0.5 to 1 Myr of differential erosion is required to return to pre‐earthquake topography. By inference any pre‐2016 fault‐related topography likely required a similar time for removal. We conclude that the Petermann earthquake was the first on this fault in the last ca. 0.5–1 Myr. Extrapolating single nuclide erosion rates across this timescale introduces large uncertainties, and we cannot resolve whether 2016 represents the first ever surface rupture on this fault, or a > 1 Myr interseismic period. Either option reinforces the importance of including distributed earthquake sources in fault displacement and seismic hazard analyses.

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XCAMS: The compact 14C accelerator mass spectrometer extended for 10Be and 26Al at GNS Science, New Zealand

Cited by 39 publications

References 31 publications

Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014

Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014

Independent evaluation of point source fossil fuel CO ₂ emissions to better than 10%

Paleoseismology of the 2016 M_W 6.1 Petermann earthquake source: Implications for intraplate earthquake behaviour and the geomorphic longevity of bedrock fault scarps in a low strain‐rate cratonic region

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XCAMS: The compact 14C accelerator mass spectrometer extended for 10Be and 26Al at GNS Science, New Zealand

Cited by 39 publications

References 31 publications

Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014

Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014

Independent evaluation of point source fossil fuel CO 2 emissions to better than 10%

Paleoseismology of the 2016 MW 6.1 Petermann earthquake source: Implications for intraplate earthquake behaviour and the geomorphic longevity of bedrock fault scarps in a low strain‐rate cratonic region

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Product

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Independent evaluation of point source fossil fuel CO ₂ emissions to better than 10%

Paleoseismology of the 2016 M_W 6.1 Petermann earthquake source: Implications for intraplate earthquake behaviour and the geomorphic longevity of bedrock fault scarps in a low strain‐rate cratonic region