“…Raw data files obtained from LC‐MS experiments were converted to the mzData format using Agilent Masshunter software, grouped into directories by population, and then uploaded to the XCMS Online platform (Tautenhahn, Patti, Rinehart, & Siuzdak, 2012) for automatic metabolite detection and alignment. Metabolite features—peaks defined by mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z), retention time (RT), and intensity—were extracted with optimized parameters: centWave method, minimum–maximum peak width = 8 and 30, signal‐to‐noise threshold = 30, mzdiff = 0.01, prefilter peaks = 3, prefilter intensity = 2,000, and noise filter = 0.…”