Xerostomia – A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Mid-Life Health

Jacob, Lisa Elizabeth; Krishnan, Meenakshi; Mathew, Anju; Baby, Tibin K; Krishnan, Anand

doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_91_21

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The prevalence of xerostomia ranges from 0.9 to 64.8% of the general population 6 , 7 . There are sex-related differences in the occurrence of xerostomia, which occurs predominantly in women 39 . Sjögren's syndrome, characterized by dry mouth and eyes, and salivary gland fibrosis due to chronic lymphocytic infiltration, is more common in women than in men and may have influenced the female-dominant character of xerostomia 40 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, when the predictors of xerostomia were investigated using the LR algorithm, female sex was a significant predictor in people aged 60–100 years. Jacob et al reported that dry mouth commonly occurs in postmenopausal women because of hormonal changes that occur in middle age 39 . Nonetheless, this study emphasizes the importance of closely monitoring dry mouth symptoms not only in middle-aged women but also in older women aged 60–100 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of xerostomia in elderly based on clinical characteristics and salivary flow rate with machine learning

Lee,

Won,

Auh

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Xerostomia may be accompanied by changes in salivary flow rate and the incidence increases in elderly. We aimed to use machine learning algorithms, to identify significant predictors for the presence of xerostomia. This study is the first to predict xerostomia with salivary flow rate in elderly based on artificial intelligence. In a cross-sectional study, 829 patients with oral discomfort were enrolled, and six features (sex, age, unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates (UFR and SFR, respectively), number of systemic diseases, and medication usage) were used in four machine learning algorithms to predict the presence of xerostomia. The incidence of xerostomia increased with age. The SFR was significantly higher than the UFR, and the UFR and SFR were significantly correlated. The UFR, but not SFR, decreased with age significantly. In patients more than 60 years of age, the UFR had a significantly higher predictive accuracy for xerostomia than the SFR. Using machine learning algorithms with tenfold cross-validation, the prediction accuracy increased significantly. In particular, the prediction accuracy of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm that combined UFR and SFR data was significantly better than either UFR or SFR individually. Moreover, when sex, age, number of systemic diseases, and number of medications were added to the MLP model, the prediction accuracy increased from 56 to 68%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of xerostomia in elderly based on clinical characteristics and salivary flow rate with machine learning

Lee,

Won,

Auh

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…However, as suggested by Umezaky Y, this symptom may be better considered as an oral perceptual dysfunction that may be related to an asymmetrical regional cerebral blood flow between the right and left side that in turn may cause an impairment in the descending sensory pathway (Umezaki et al, 2018). Furthermore, a change in the sensory perception of the amount of saliva in the mouth, reported by patients as xerostomia could lead to a confusion of this disease with the oral manifestation of a systemic disease such as Sjogren's syndrome and/ or as a sign of an adverse drug reaction (Jacob et al, 2022) and so further delay the proper diagnosis of BMS by clinicians. In addition, the multimorbidity and polypharmacy of older BMS patients may TA B L E 3 Prevalence of oral symptoms and location in the 500 BMS patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burning mouth syndrome: Analysis of diagnostic delay in 500 patients

et al. 2023

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ObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic delay, the number and type of referrals and the clinical and psychological profile in a wide sample of patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS).Materials and MethodsData on the disease onset, oral symptoms, type and number of practitioners consulted, misdiagnoses, and the presence of medically unexplained extraoral physical symptoms were recorded in 500 BMS patients. Potential predictors of diagnostic delay were also evaluated.ResultsThe mean diagnostic delay was 29.71 ± 47.19 months. An average of 2.61 ± 1.65 practitioners were consulted by each patient, the most frequent being the general physicians (287; 57.4%), maxillofacial surgeons (111; 22.2%), and otolaryngologists (104; 20.8%). The mean number of misdiagnoses was 3.54 ± 1.85. Nonspecific stomatitis, candidiasis, and gastroesophageal reflux were the most common misdiagnoses. Higher age, low education, the presence of dysgeusia, and a previous history of psychiatric illness were predictors of a longer diagnostic delay (p‐value: 0.028, 0.050, 0.007, 0.034, respectively).ConclusionsThe lack of knowledge among specialists, the high rate of misdiagnosis, and the diagnostic delay of BMS highlight the need to introduce educational interventions in all medical specialties in order to promote an early and appropriate diagnosis, thereby improving the prognosis and quality of life of the patients.

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“…According Jacob et al it is more prevalent in menopause women. 21 This could be due to reduction in salivary flow. Studies have found significant association between menopause and salivary flow rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Health and Salivary pH Changes in Menopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Study

et al. 2023

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Introduction: Menopause is a natural process in life of women often associated with hormonal changes. It aﬀects oral health by inﬂuencing the growth of bacteria and plaque, which can cause tooth decay and gum disease. Menopause can alter salivary pH by reducing estrogen levels, which may lead to dry mouth, inﬂammation, and increased risk of infections. Therefore, it is important for women in menopause to monitor their salivary pH and maintain good oral hygiene habits. However, there is contradictory evidence about the level of salivary pH and oral symptoms. The present study was carried out to assess the oral ﬁndings and salivary pH in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Methods: The study was carried out on 60 patients who reported to the Department of oral medicine and radiology and were divided into two groups consisting of 30 patients each. Group 1: premenopausal women with no known systemic illness and deleterious habits. Group 2: postmenopausal women. Results: Salivary pH is higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Both pre and postmenopausal women have oral symptoms such as dry mouth, facial pain, and ulcerative lesions, but they are more frequent in postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Menopause aﬀects the oral health and salivary pH of women. Postmenopausal women are more prone to oral diseases and have lower salivary pH than premenopausal women. Salivary pH may be used as a biomarker for oral health status in postmenopausal women.

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Xerostomia – A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Mid-Life Health

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Prediction of xerostomia in elderly based on clinical characteristics and salivary flow rate with machine learning

Prediction of xerostomia in elderly based on clinical characteristics and salivary flow rate with machine learning

Burning mouth syndrome: Analysis of diagnostic delay in 500 patients

Oral Health and Salivary pH Changes in Menopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Study

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