XRD and TEM characterizations of the mechanically alloyed CuIn0.5Ga0.5Se2 powders

CuInSe2 nano-crystallite reaction kinetics using solid state reaction from Cu2Se and In2Se3 powders

“…Therefore, developing colloidal routes, such as spin-casting or printing, to fabricate CIS thin film solar cells that have well controlled stoichiometry, high materials utilization and low processing equipment cost have attracted much attention [3]. CuInSe 2 (CIS) powder has been reported successfully synthesized using solid-state reaction [4][5][6][7][8], solvo-thermal [9][10][11][12], thermolysis [13] and thermal decomposition methods [14][15][16][17]. Compared to the liquid-phase process, the solid state reaction is much easier and cheaper.…”

“…Compared to the liquid-phase process, the solid state reaction is much easier and cheaper. However, CIS powders prepared using solid state reactions reported by previous studies have many drawbacks, such as larger crystallite size or lower chemical purity [4][5][6][7][8]. This leads to CIS powders prepared using the conventional solid state reaction unsuitable for application in wet processing to fabricate CIS thin film solar cells.…”

A hierarchical and multiphase nanolaminated alloy with an excellent combination of tensile properties

“…The microstructures and phase compositions of the samples subjected to TMP treatments were characterised and determined using optical metallography (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu K α radiation. The volume fraction (vol.%) of each phase was determined using quantitative TEM analysis [23] and the Rietveld refinement method using Maud software, which can take the texture and the shape anisotropy of coherent diffraction domains and of micro-deformations (e.g., lamellae) into account [24][25][26]. The β grain size was determined by approximating the equivalent sphere diameters of β grains by directly measuring their areas from the OM images using a digital micrograph analysis software.…”

Parametric optimization of mechanochemical process for synthesis of Cu(In, Ga)0.5Se2 nanoparticles

“…Several groups have reported synthesis of CIGS nanoparticle by the mechanochemical process [19][20][21]. The structural studies of mechanically alloyed CIGS nanoparticles from elemental Cu, In, Ga and Se have been reported by Benslim et al [19].…”