XXIV.—The Innervation of the Human Quiescent Nipple, with Notes on Pigmentation, Erection, and Hyperneury

Cathcart, E. P.; Gairns, F. W.; Garven, H. S. D.

doi:10.1017/s0080456800019104

Cited by 37 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the early 1950s, the nipple was considered to have a nerve supply from just sympathetic origin contributing only to pain with an absence or paucity of receptors for tactile, moving sensation (Meissner corpuscles) or pressure (Pacinian corpuscles). 16 By the 1980s, the literature suggested that the possible loss of sensitivity postoperatively was due to damage of the lateral intercostal nerves before they course upward over the breast parenchyma and pass subcutaneously to the nipple-areola complex. 2,3 This conjecture of possible damage to the lateral intercostal nerves was extrapolated from cadaver dissection and the nerve-sensitivity testing performed using crude touch.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Augmentation Mammaplasty on Breast Sensation

Okwueze

Spear

Zwyghuizen

et al. 2006

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Augmentation Mammaplasty on Breast Sensation

Okwueze

Spear

Zwyghuizen

et al. 2006

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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“…) The only publications since 1908 which specifically allude to unencapsulated nerve endings in the dermis of which we are aware, are concerned with the innervation of the human nipple, gum and hard palate (Cathcart, Gairns & Garven, 1948; Gairns & Aitchison, 1950; Gairns,195 I). .…”

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confidence: 99%

Nerve Endings in Mammalian Skin

1955

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SUMMARY To most authors the study of nerve terminations in mammalian skin has been an exercise in descriptive morphology. A single histological technique was usually considered adequate and presumably impeccable, for observations resulting from different techniques were not compared and the possibility of artefacts was not considered. The literature is thus excessively large and full of controversies over histological minutiae. It also contains theories concerning the organization of the nervous system which are at variance with the results of physiological observations. The work of a few authors is in striking contrast, but their observations have either been ignored or discounted. The recent discovery that nerve fibres can be seen in fresh specimens of cornea under phase‐contrast conditions has led to the development of new neuro‐histological techniques. These display nerve fibres and their terminals selectively in skin. They appear in an undistorted state and are virtually free from artefacts. The use of new techniques has shown that it is characteristic of all nerves entering mammalian skin to terminate in an arborization of fine (< 1μ in diameter), naked, axoplasmic filaments which probably end freely. Ensheathed stem fibres give rise to unencapsulated nerve endings in all skin strata, and terminals from neighbouring stem fibres overlap and interdigitate extensively. Axoplasmic filaments terminate in the cellular layers of the epidermis and in the dermis but in no specific relation to the capillaries. They are found in relation to the myoepithelial and gland cells of sweat glands, and in relation to the adventitia and media of blood vessels. In hairy skin there are in addition to the unencapsulated nerve endings nerves which end specifically in relation to hair follicles. Ensheathed myelinated stem axons give rise to two distinct and separate series of arborizations of fine, naked, axoplasmic filaments which lie at right angles one within the other. The outer series encircle the hair lying among the cells of the middle layer of the dermal coat. The inner series lie among the cells of the outer root sheath parallel to the hair shaft. No encapsulated nerve endings are seen in hairy skin. In glabrous skin and mucous membranes, such as the lip, anus and glans penis, there are, in addition to the unencapsulated nerve endings, numerous encapsulated nerve endings. They are of different sizes and shapes, and the ensheathed myelinated stem fibre or fibres which enter the capsule pursue a more or less tortuous course. They then give rise in all cases to an arborization of fine, naked, axoplasmic filaments which end freely among the capsular cells in planes roughly parallel to the surface layer of cells. In the light of these findings a re‐analysis of the observations and, in particular, the diagrams in the literature, forces one to the conclusion that the actual facts which have been reported by various authors have more in common than would have been supposed from a perusal of their summaries and conclusions. As th...

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“…Garven and Gairns modification now given was evolved when working on the innervation of the human nipple [Cathcart, Gairns and Garven, 1948], and has special advantages in the study of the peripheral sympathetic fibres. In that investigation both fresh surgical specimens and early autopsy material were used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Silver Diammine Ion Staining of Peripheral Nerve Elements and the Interpretation of the Results: With a Modification of the Bielschowsky‐gros Method for Frozen Sections

Garven

Gairns

1952

Exp Physiol

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1. A modification of the Bielschowsky‐Gros silver diammine ion (ammoniacal silver) method of staining frozen sections is given in detail. This method has been extensively used in the study of peripheral innervations and has given good results. Examples of these are figured. The method has the great advantages of (a) giving good results both after short and very long periods of formalin fixation, (b) allowing microscopic control of the actual staining process, and (c) permitting completely finished specimens to be made in one day after fixation is complete. 2. A short discussion of the rationale of this type of silver staining is given. 3. The interpretation of the results of silver‐staining methods is discussed, and a plea is made for trying to build up a complete picture from a series of varying impregnations of peripheral innervations. Such a series is illustrated for the sympathetic ground plexus. It is suggested that this plexus has few “end‐points”, and that humoral substances may be released in the continuity of the strands from the “beads” on the finest fibrils.

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XXIV.—The Innervation of the Human Quiescent Nipple, with Notes on Pigmentation, Erection, and Hyperneury

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of Augmentation Mammaplasty on Breast Sensation

Effect of Augmentation Mammaplasty on Breast Sensation

Nerve Endings in Mammalian Skin

The Silver Diammine Ion Staining of Peripheral Nerve Elements and the Interpretation of the Results: With a Modification of the Bielschowsky‐gros Method for Frozen Sections

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