Yield Response from the Catalytic Conversion of Parsley Seed Oil into Biodiesel Using a Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalyst

Abstract

This research work is focused on the investigation of the optimum condition for parsley seed oil (PSO) trans-esterification using a heterogeneous (CCB) and homogenous catalyst (KOH). The process parameters (alcohol: oil ratio, temperature, and catalyst loading) were varied to examine their effect on the percentage biodiesel yield using a Box–Behnken design embedded with the response surface methodology (RSM). Also, the heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized by calcining waste chicken bones at 900 °C for 4 h. Thereafter, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were utilized to determine the morphology and elemental composition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was also adopted to assess the effect of calcination temperature on the prepared catalyst. The characterization analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyapatite as the major component, and the reusability test showed that it exhibited good catalytic performance for PSO transesterification. However, the optimization study revealed that the optimum reaction conditions of 9:1 alcohol: ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature, and 3 wt % catalysts gave 90% biodiesel yield, while the homogenous catalyst (used as the control transesterification experiment) under the same conditions gave an average yield of 96.33%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was utilized to characterize the produced biodiesel. Furthermore, the fuel characteristics of biodiesel were within the specifications of the ASTM D6751.

Utilization of waste banana peels as heterogeneous catalysts in room-temperature biodiesel production using a homogenizer

“…7 Notwithstanding the ability of the heterogeneous catalyst to recover and recycle, its catalytic activity remained lower than that of the homogeneous catalyst. Bitire et al (2021) concluded that KOH has better catalytic activity than that of calcined chicken bone in the transesterication of parsley seed oil. 8 This is attributable to a different phase of heterogeneous substance with methanol and oil, which limited mass transfer and hence resulted in a lower reaction rate.…”

“…Bitire et al (2021) concluded that KOH has better catalytic activity than that of calcined chicken bone in the transesterication of parsley seed oil. 8 This is attributable to a different phase of heterogeneous substance with methanol and oil, which limited mass transfer and hence resulted in a lower reaction rate. 5 However, presently, some solid catalysts, particularly which contain potassium element, show a similar catalytic activity to homogeneous base catalysts.…”

Performance and emission analysis of a CI engine fueled with parsley biodiesel–diesel blend

“…The ground seeds of parsley were then placed in an extractor for about 5 h before proceeding to remove excess extractant (n-hexane) by drying at room temperature for 24 h. The extractant of choice was chosen because of its low cost and great efficiency when compared to other solvents used for oil extraction [7]. For fuel sources with a high amount of free fatty acid, two-step transesterification procedures are recommended to reduce free fatty acid [28]. However, the extracted parsley oil yielded 0.78% free fatty acid, showing that the oil may be turned into biodiesel using direct alkali catalysis of the transesterification process.…”

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Dry Leaves and Ash-Dry Leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem Cultivated in Vietnam

“…The seed oil is edible. In America, oil is used as an ingredient in soapmaking [7], [8]. The traditional use has been reported in Africa, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and the Philippines [9]- [11].…”